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Carper's Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing
Fundamental Patterns of Knowledge in Nursing. barbara
Nursing theories of learning
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The field of nursing is dynamic, complex, and requires a wide body of knowledge. It has evolved from a vocation to a profession and theory-based discipline. In Carper’s “Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing,” she identifies four patterns of knowing that are “essential for the teaching and learning of nursing…and what kinds of knowledge are to be of most value to the discipline of nursing.” These four patterns of knowing include empirical, esthetic, personal, and ethical knowing, and they determine a basis for the identity and practice of nursing.
Empirical knowing pertains to the science of nursing, drawing on traditional ideas of science expressed in practice, involving conscious problem solving and logical reasoning. Esthetics knowing pertains to the “art of nursing” which involves the actions, conduct, attitudes, and interaction of nurses with patients and others. It emphasizes empathy and the act of intuition: knowing what to do without conscious deliberation. Personal knowing pertains to the actions of nurses to become self-aware, their openness to experience, and persona...
Carper’s (1978) pivotal work of identifying nursing’s ways of knowing was a seminal work that laid the foundation for further analysis. Her ways of knowing have identified methods that have allowed the nursing discipline to further its own knowledge as well as the profession. Two other ways of knowing have emerged, Munall’s (1993) “unknowing” pattern; and also sociopolitical knowing by Zander (2011, p. 9) or emancipatory pattern (Chinn & Kramer, 2011, p. 5). Here these patterns are discussed through experiences in my personal practice.
According to Orem, nursing science is a practical science, in that knowledge is developed for the direct purpose of nursing practice itself (Barbara, 2011). The goal of nursing science is to look for an understanding of the actual realities that are concerning to nurses and the nursing practice (Orem, 2001). We can do this through both research and producing scholarly articles. “Nursing science is the science of which knowledge is developed for the sake of the work to be done” (Barbara, 2011, p. 44). Without the nursing science as the backbone of nursing, the nursing practice would seize to exist, or at least have difficulty staying alive. Nursing science offers nurses the knowledge, skills and competency to develop order and direction in their nursing care (Malinowski, 2002). Models of case studies, rules and standards of practice along with the various
In doing so, I was able to identify specific ideas which came together to form a new, unique philosophy on nursing care. The utilization of many grand theories allowed me to better visualize how my personal nursing philosophy would fit into the context of daily nursing practice by providing evidence of my assumptions.
Around the 1960s, nursing educational leaders wanted to formulate a nursing theory that contained knowledge and basic principles to guide future nurses’ in their practice (Thorne, 2010, p.64). Thus, Jacqueline Fawcett introduced the metaparadigm of nursing. Metaparadigm “identifies the concepts central to the discipline without relating them to the assumptions of a particular world view” (MacIntyre & Mcdonald, 2014). Fawcett’s metaparadigm of nursing included concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing that were interrelated. The metaparadigm ultimately contributed to conceptual framework to guide nurses to perform critical thinking and the nursing process in everyday experiences in clinical settings.
Relational inquiry is a process that both supports and necessitates different ways of knowing and different types of knowledge (Hartrick Doane & Varcoe, 2015, p.227). Furthermore, nursing knowledge is constructed and contextualized within the activity of the nurse as a 'knower ' and is an integration of the different ways of knowing (Antrobus, 1997, p. 830). Reflecting on these aspects of relational inquiry and the ways of knowing can enhance a nurses ability as a 'knower '. The intent of this paper is to summarize and analyze myself as a 'knower ' while reflecting on the different levels of inquiry and ways of knowing.
This paper is about my experience not just in nursing but also in life that is applicable in the five ways of knowing, which are Personal, Empirical, Esthetics, Ethical , and Personal Knowing by Carper and Emancipator by Chin and Kramer and are defined by Brugger & Madison (2017) as:
This paper explores the personal philosophy I have as a nursing student and what I intend to convey throughout my nursing career. A philosophy is “an analysis of the grounds and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs (Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary, n.d.). Before entering into any profession it is important to evaluate your personal philosophy about the profession, as it pertains to values and principles in which believe in to guide your practice. The field of nursing is more than treating a physiological ailment, but it involves providing quality care for the individualized needs of each patient, hence being client centered. My philosophy of nursing integrates the importance of knowledge base practice of medicine, combined with addressing holistic needs of the patient and family, including the physical, psychological, cognitive, emotional, spiritual and social care (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2010). Additionally, a vital aspect of nursing is effective interpersonal relationships with other healthcare professionals to promote quality patient care. Moreover, my philosophy includes the importance the client-nurse relationship to aid in health promotion to prevent illness and increase the level of health of clients.
To conclude, emotional intelligence and reflective practice are the integral components of building a therapeutic component of building a therapeutic relationship in nursing. Emotional intelligence is the ability, capacity and skill to identify, assess and control the emotions of oneself, of others and of groups. This quality plays an important role in nursing success whether they are working in management or at the bed side. We must understand and create a therapeutic relationship between nurses-client relationships. We must understand the client’s situation and help them to achieve their needs so that it provides a better care. Therefore nurses should always seek out techniques to assist in the caring of the client and provide them with all the support and their betterment to have a better therapeutic relationship with the clients.
The fundamental patterns of knowledge were first identified by Barbara Carper (1978), and included empirical, personal, ethical, and aesthetic knowing. According to Zander (2007), Carper sought to develop a holistic, individualistic, therapeutic model of practice which could be utilized to structure nursing education, and evaluate nursing practice. The addition of emancipatory knowing by Chinn and Kramer followed in 2008. These patterns of knowledge have shown to be very beneficial, if not crucial to the nursing profession. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in depth explanation of aesthetics, and its importance in nursing. A detailed scenario of esthetic nursing will be included. This
Emotional intelligence refers to an ability to recognize the meanings of emotion and its therapeutic relationships, and to reasons for problem-solving in nursing. This is involved in the capacity to recognize emotions, adapt emotion-related to feelings, understand the information of those emotions, and manage it. Reflective practice is a process by which one stops and think about their practice, knowingly analyse ones decision making and clarifying ones thoughts and doubts. As a result, one may modify ones actions, behaviour, treatments and learning needs. Therapeutic relationship, also known as the helping team, refers to the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client. It is the means by which the professional interact with the client. This relationship is central to the patient's oriented approach to health care, and will displays some of the skills that are developed by the practitioner, to enhance the healing relationship with their patients. Nursing is the defences, campaign, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, improvement of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. Thus emotional intelligences is the ability to manage emotions which is very important in nursing.
According to Kristen Swanson’s theory of caring, caring consists of Knowing, Being with, Doing for, Enabling, and maintaining belief. She believes that the environment and what is in the environment can affect people, either positively or negatively. As a nursing student, I possess the qualities of enabling, doing for, and being with. These qualities are implanted in me via my upbringing, culture, religious belief, and life experience/encounters(my environment). “Enabling” is the nurses’ responsibility to help the make a transition into the unknown.
... middle of paper ... ... Fawcett, J. & Fawcett, J. (2000). The 'Secondary' of the 'Second Analysis and evaluation of contemporary nursing knowledge: Nursing models and theories.
Self awareness in nursing refers to how glowing nurses comprehend themselves, their strengths, weaknesses, attitude and ethics in order to better transact with their patients. Self- awareness includes review of self, together with self confidence. Self -regulation express beyond one`s emotion and being trustworthy. For nurses to be able to empathize with their patients and treat them with compassion, they have to be self aware. When nurses are self aware, they are capable to adapt to, or certainly change their attitudes and deed in order to understand how unusual people take care of them hence improving the nurse- patient relationship. Nurses must reflect carefully on whether they can sustain in dependence in caring for a client and whether the relationship interferes with gathering the client’s needs. It is also essential to be sure that providing care to family and friends does not interfere with the care of other clients or with the dynamics of the health care group. Before making the conclusion, the nurse may possibly wish to discuss the situation with colleagues and the employer.
First of all, caring in nursing requires confidence and knowledge. Knowledge can be acquired from education and confidence comes with experience and practice. “Without knowledge and competence, compassion and care are powerless to help
Nursing is a medical profession that involves the care and management of patients majorly in the hospital setting. This paper seeks to illustrate the fact that nursing is both a science and an art. Nursing is a science because it involves evidence based practice, education of the public, lifelong learning for the nurse and administrative roles that are allocated to the nurses. Nursing is also an art because nurses depend on intuition, have the capacity to promote positive change, are understanding and culturally sensitive.