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The purpose of this study was to examine if self-system beliefs such as fear of abandonment, self-esteem, and coping efficacy had an effect on current stressors and the child-caregiver relationship in children who recently lost a parent. The authors hypothesized that self-system beliefs mediate the effects of stressors and the child-caregiver relationship on children’s mental health problems. The participants consisted of both children and adolescents from parentally bereaved families. The study measured stressors such as economic troubles and emotional turmoil, the quality of the child-caregiver relationship, self-system beliefs such as coping efficacy, self-esteem, and fear of abandonment, as well as internalizing and externalizing problems.
The conceptual model guiding this paper is A Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness. The theory defines self-care as a process of maintaining health using health promoting practices and management of illness. It emphasizes that self-care should be performed in both healthy and ill states. In addition, the theory further emphasizes that it is imperative for every individual to engage in some level of self-care from day to day by making informed food choices and rational healthy living styles. An individual in stable condition can maintain health without the need of moving into illness care. However, after an ill and illness management
A care relationship is special and requires skill, trust and understanding. This essay will elaborate how the quality of that relationship affects the quality of the care given and the experiences felt in receiving care. These different relationships will depend on the type of care given, who the care is given by and what sort of previous existing relationship there was to begin with. For a good care relationship to work it needs to follow the 5 K101 principles of care practice which are 'support people in maximising their potential','support people in having a voice and being heard','respect people's beliefs and preferences','support people's rights to appropriate services' and 'respect people's privacy and right to confidentiality'.(K101,Unit 4,p.183). If all of these needs are met a far exceptional quality of relationship between the carer and care receiver will be achieved.
The RFS was constructed as a part of a cross-generational attachment study in 1991 to assess parents’ quality of understanding others’ intentionality as demonstrated in their Adult Attachment Interviews. This capacity of understanding mental states is thought to be derived from the function of an internal observer, that is, the “reflective self” (Fonagy, Steele, Steele, Moran, & Higgitt, 1991). In that study, Fonagy et al. (1991) found that first-time parents’ reflective function measured before the birth of their child could predict the infant’s attachment status at ages 12 and 18 months. Furthermore, in a following study on the same sample, it was found that RF was particularly important in the cases where parents reported early adversity in their own childhood. To be more specific, for mothers who reported significant early deprivation history, 100% of those with high reflective function had secure infants (Fonagy, Steele, Steele, Higgitt, & Target, 1994). These results indicate the significant role reflective function plays in the early infant-caregiver relationship and attachment transmission. Because of the usefulness of the scale, the manual of the RFS was produced for application to Adult Attachment Interview in 1998. Although the manual is not published, it has been extensively used in the RF
The first topic that came up in the interview relates to idea of attachment theory. Attachment theory explains the human’s way of relating to a caregiver and receives an attachment figures relating to the parent, and children. In addition, the concept explains the confidence and ability for a child to free explore their environment with a place to seek support, protection, and comfort in times of distress (Levy, Ellison, Scott, and Bernecker, 2010, p. 193). Within attachment theory explains different types of attachment styles that children experience during early childhood. These attachment styles affect the relationships they continue to build in adulthood. The best attachment style happens when the parent is attuned to the child during his or her early childhood called secure attachment (Reyes, 2010, p. 174). In order for complete secure attachment, the child needs to feel safe, seen, and soothed. Any relationship that deviates from this model represents the anxious or insecure attachment. This means that parents or caregivers are inconsistently responsive to the children. Children who have these parents are usually confused and insecure. Some children experience a dismissive attachment where they
Attachment theory describes the relationship between a child and their primary caregiver. This relationship is thought to be critical for typical development into adulthood – enabling the acquisition of skills in social interaction. Attachment styles include type B (secure), type A (anxious-avoidant), type C (anxious-resistant) and type D (disorganised). As one might hypothesise, insecure attachment (A, C and D) are associated with negative outcomes – such as subsequent psychopathology {Zeanah 2003} and problems with “affect regulation” {Mikulincz 2003} In light of this, research into the aetiology of insecure attachment has been performed with the aim of reducing incidence of this subtype of attachment relationship. Maternal depression has been put forward as a major factor affecting the relationship between parent and child; it is a debilitating disorder affecting all areas of life. With this in mind, an effect on parent/child attachment seems likely.
During an evaluation at the age of 10 years old, I was diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Camilla Sutter and Thomas Reid determined that many of the children in their case study were not simply mourning, but rather battle a sickness of their own. Many of the children in this study were diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress disorder. “PTSD is a debilitating disorder characterized by symptoms of avoidance, re-experiencing, and physiological arousal related to a particular traumatic event or experience.” This diagnosis explained why many of the children in this case study developed such negative coping mechanisms. After my father’s death, I felt that nothing made sense. I never had any experiences with my father, and with his death any chances I had of forming a relationship with him were taken from
A parent's involvement typically begins early in a child's life. When a child first opens his or her eyes they should see their parent's smiling faces looking back at them. As the child continues to grow up and develop their parent's constant presence in their lives provides structure. But for some children they do not receive this kind of stability from their parents due to early separation from their parents. Children can be separated from their parents by a multitude of causes like death, adoption, incarnated, foster care, substance abuse and others. Children at the age of three years old or younger are very sensitive to the issue. Parents play an important role in our lives. Our parents help us form who we want to become and our own identity. When children are separated permanently or for an extended period of time from their parents, this can cause a child to respond to the situation in a negative manner (McIntosh, 2010). The loss of a parent or both parents can be detrimental to child's life. The loss can leave behind a scaring effect on a child and could remain with them their entire lives. Early separation from parents can cause children to develop behavioral problems in response to the situation.
Research indicates that one-parent families report for about 25 percent of the families in the United States with children under the age of 18. As indicated by researchers “A study of nearly 6,000 children found that youth from single-parent homes have more physical and mental health problems than children living with married parent, and another study confirms single-parent children are 2-3 times as likely to develop emotional and behavioral problems” Clinton, Hart, & Ohlschlager, (2005). The impact of divorce has a high diverse impact on the entire family and continues to create an impact on how children are able to deal and cope with the negative implications of an unhappy couple. A broken family’s children can often feel as though they are causing the problem and seek to either become complaisant to the problem or as they get older seek other forms of feeling loved and happy, which may lead to teenage pregnancy or s...
...ont many challenges from the environment, the theory can be used to understand some elements influencing the interrelation between environment and family and their influences on adolescent wellbeing. The theory also explains the importance of interactions among the family members; specifically, the quality of the parent-child relationship influences the adolescent wellbeing. Since adolescents from LG families face difficulties from the environment, social support, positive parent-child relations, and coping skills are vital components to be considered when implementing an intervention to help children who feel stressed or depressed due to social stigmatization. The strengths and limitations of the theory promote future research to study LG stepfamilies from a systems theory perspective and encourage the researchers to cogitate the meaning of the LG stepfamily.
An infant’s initial contact with the world and their exploration of life is directly through the parent/ primary caregiver. As the child grows, learns, and develops, a certain attachment relationship forms between them and the principle adult present in this process. Moreover, this attachment holds huge implications concerning the child’s future relationships and social successes. Children trust that their parental figure will be there; as a result, children whom form proper attachments internalize an image of their world as stable, safe, and secure. These children will grow independent while at the same time maintaining a connection with their caregivers. (Day, 2006). However, when a child f...
Block, Kelsey, and Sophie Spiegel . “Department of Applied Psychology.” The Impact of Parental Divorce on Emerging Adults’ Self-Esteem - Applied Psychology OPUS - NYU Steinhardt, steinhardt.nyu.edu/appsych/opus/issues/2013/spring/blockspiegel.
In secure attachment, infants use the caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Secure attachment is theorized to be an important foundation for psychological development later in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In insecure attachment, infants either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver. Insecure attachment is theorized to be related to difficulties in relationships and problems in later development. Developmentalists have begun to explore the role of secure attachment and related concepts, such as connectedness to parents, in adolescent development. They believe the attachment to parents in adolescence may facilitate the adolescent’s social competence and well-being, as reflected in such characteristics as self- esteem, emotional adjustment, and physical health (Allen & Kuperminc ; Armden & Greenberg; Black & McCartney; Blain, Thompson,
Depressed mothers view their surroundings negatively, which causes them to see negative characteristics in their child, making their parenting style cold, detached, and inconsistent. A lack of interest in the child’s needs make the child pessimistic about all parent-child relationships, but can also cause the child to question why the parent is drawing back. This can cause the child to draw in on themselves, and focus on their parent’s avoidance of them, which can cause them to ...
One of the theories of nursing is Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory, also called the self-care deficit theory. Nursing theories are important for several reasons. The profession is strengthened when knowledge is built on sound theory (Black, 2014). Theory is important for reasoning, thinking, decision-making, and supporting excellence in practice (Black, 2014). Dorothea Orem’s theory is a conceptual model that provides a structure for critical thinking in the nursing process (Black, 2014). A conceptual model provides a comprehensive and holistic perspective of nursing (Black, 2014). Orem published her theory in 1959 and continued to develop her model, eventually formalizing three interrelated theories: theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit, and theory of nursing system (Black, 2014). The focus of Orem’s model is the patient’s self-care capacity. The process helps to design a nursing process specific to each patient that will provide for the self-care deficit of the patient (Black, 2014). Self-care deficits exist when the patient has limitations and the self-care requirement is greater than he patient’s capacity (Manzini & Simonetti, 2009).
Caregiving is an essential and very necessary aspect of the medical field. However, caregiving is also one of the most strenuous and stressful positions that exists. The patients require constant supervision, precise care and an extremely high level of patience, tolerance and skill. Eventually, this type of care begins to take a physical, emotional and financial toll on the caregiver. Because of the adverse effects of this profession, the Theory of Caregiver Stress was developed to aid those working in this difficult profession.