1. Why do cells need to communicate? Cells need to communicate in order to have tasks and duties be completed. They receive stimuli and response, if necessary, in order for the organism to function and live. In addition, cells can work together and function as a group or system instead of individually through communication to increase the organism’s efficiency. 2. Explain what happens during the three phases of signal transduction. Firstly, the three phases of signal transduction are reception, transduction, and then response. In the beginning phase: reception, a protein in the plasma membrane binds to a signaling molecule. The next phase, transduction, the binding from the previous phase the signal is transduced(converted) to different …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cells need to communicate in order to have tasks and duties completed. they receive stimuli and response, if necessary, for the organism to function and live.
- Explains the three phases of signal transduction, which are reception, transduction, and then response.
- Explains that second messengers aid signaling pathways like the first signal molecules but later on in the transduction phase. they are usually small, water soluble and non-protein molecules or ions.
- Describes the following phenomena, identifies the organisms they occur in, and explains how cellular signaling is used in each.
- Explains quorum sensing, which is the act of bacterial cells identifying the amount of other bacteria cells around them. cellular signaling is used because small molecules are secreted and bind to receptor proteins on the cells.
- Explains that yeast also has signal molecules released depending on the sex to help the other cells know which to mate with. cells secrete factors which bind to alpha cells by attaching to receptor proteins on their plasma membrane.
- Explains that cellular signaling pathways and mechanisms are universal among all domains because it originates from a common ancestor.
Cellular signaling is used because in order to do the latter, small molecules, also considered, signal molecules are secreted and they bind to receptor proteins on the cells to help determine the density of bacteria cells. b. Mating in Yeast Yeast also has signal molecules released depending on the sex to help the other cells know which to mate with, a cells mate with alpha cells and not with each other. a cells secrete a factors (signal molecules) which bind to alpha cells by attaching to their receptor proteins on their plasma membrane. Also, the vis versa occurs in alpha cells. c. Apoptosis Apoptosis is when a cell commits suicide because it is either damaged or done with its life. Specific signals can activate caspases and cause the cell to shrink, lobe, and digested by special scavenger cells. One example is pore formation in the mitochondrial membrane that leads to apoptosis. 6. Why do you think cellular signaling pathways and mechanisms are so universal among life’s domains? Cellular signaling pathways and mechanisms are so universal among all domains because it originates from a common ancestor(it is a way for the organism to regulate cell activity). This characteristic is advantageous for survival so it is part of evolution and passed
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that g-protein-linked receptors activate a cell-signaling pathway. they are structured similarly in most organisms, with seven helices and specific loops for binding sites.
- Explains that receptor tyrosine kinase is a cell membrane receptor system that can trigger multiple cellular responses simultaneously.
- Explains that a ligand-gated ion channel is used to allow ions to pass through the cell membrane. the signal molecule detaches from the receptor, closing the gate.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that cells share several mechanisms across animals, plants, and microorganisms. lipids build and maintain both the plasma (the external bilayer) and the nuclear membrane within a cell.
- Explains that living organisms possess different cells that perform different functions. cells are grouped into three categories namely plant, animal, and prokaryotic cells.
- Explains that prokaryotics are considered the first forms of single-celled living organisms on the earth. they are unicellular and form filamentous or colony structures.
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- Explains that all eukaryotic cells have a 'true' nucleus, whereas prokaryotes are less complex compared to them. they are advanced, large, and multicellular.
- Explains that cells regulate the functions and behavior of organisms in different ways including protein regulation. the mechanical environment and forces acting on the cell wall can impart dramatic effects on gene regulation
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- Explains the role of the cell wall, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
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In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how earl w. sutherland's experiment gave humanity clarity on the mechanism of signaling pathways.
- Explains that most receptor proteins can be categorized into one of the following types: g protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, peripheral, or transmembrane.
- Explains that toxins and diseases can alter a portion of the cell signaling mechanism. prescription drugs can combat some diseases and ailments, but they can also act as drugs themselves.
- Explains that changes in the signaling molecule require a chemical reaction. drugs, hormones and pesticides are all chemical compounds that are used to treat various diseases or problems.
- Explains that experiments like the net, or norepinphrine transporter, provide insight into the body's inner workings, both good and bad.
- Explains that anthrax is caused by bacteria, bacillus antracis, which is more likely to survive in an oxygen-rich environment. some toxins act as imposter ligands and alter signaling pathways.
- Explains that without signaling pathways, an organism might not survive to reproduce. lack of growth in cells generates cancerous cells.
- Explains that signals need to be stopped and started in a normal way. long transmissions can lead to over-absorption of substances, leading to cell bursting, killing the cell.
- Explains that police and civilians rely on certain signals to preserve life, such as stop lights, because if signaling pathways are severely altered, death will prevail. understanding these mechanisms can better humanity's knowledge and save lives.
- Explains schlessiger, avner, geier, and sali, structure-base discovery of prescription drugs that interact with the norepinephrine transporter, net.
- Explains mitema, e.s., "improved management of drugs, hormones and pesticides in africa : policy and trade issues." onderstepoort journal of veterinary research.
- Explains that berg, jeremy m., john l. tymoczko, and lubert stryer. "signal-transduction pathways: an introduction to information metabolism."
1592 wordsRead More - Homeostasis In The Human Bodyexplanatory essayKeeping these two the same is not always easy when the outside environment is changing always. But it is important so that all our cells function correctly.
In this essay, the author
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- Describes their exiting day at body world exhibit, where they realized that the human body is an amazing group of systems working together to maintain our homeostasis.
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- Explains the symptoms of a cva, such as numbness or weakness of the arm, leg or face, dizziness with no significant causes, trouble working or loss of balance and coordination.
- Explains that a lumbar puncture, mri, or ct scan may indicate the location of the brain damage by the pattern of hemiparesis.
- Explains that the treatment of cva depends on the severity of the stroke and the symptoms.
- Explains that the effectiveness of this type of therapy is not well established. drugs to reduce intracranial pressure, such as dexamethasone, may be given.
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In this essay, the author
- Opines that the research in this article is important to human health because the understanding of the activity of a signal pathway can or cannot give you an grasp on how it can affect other processes in the body.
- Explains that understanding the structure of chromatin is vital to understanding how it affects replication, transcription, and repair. histone modification caused by an active nfb signaling can alter tumor growth and give a resistance to chemotherapy.
- Opines that understanding the structure of histones and how an active nfb signaling will permit or prevent histone acetylation can affect tumor growth and promote head and neck cell squamous carcinoma chemoresistance.
- Explains that treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with cisplatin-based chemotherapy demonstrated visible changes in the nucleus. the tumor cells were stained with hoechest 33342 and immunofluorescence to distinguish the phenotype.
- Explains that chemoresistant cells have a smaller nucleus and less histone acetylation. nfb signaling is also involved in the condensation of chromatin.
- Explains that chemoresistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has an active nfb signaling and deacetylation of the tumor histones.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of learning about cells is to become educated on how living things work and what are needed to keep them healthy.
- Explains that the cell theory was the combined work of many scientists. originally, people believed in spontaneous generation, the belief that living things came from nonliving things.
- Explains that prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus, whereas eukaryotes evolved from them.
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1067 wordsRead More - The Cellular Adaptation of Vascular Endothelial Cellsexplanatory essayThe organisms will be discussed in the following paragraph will be mostly single cells or even organic molecules. Since the following aspects of discussions will be focusing about the cellular functions or strategies of regulations of the homeostasis.
In this essay, the author
- Describes campbell, n. a., reece, j. b.
- Explains dorland's illustrated medical dictionary, 32th edition. w.b. saunders company pty ltd, 2011.
- Explains that duncan, r. f., and j. w. b. hershey. protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation during heat stress.
- Explains huckle, w. r., "cellular modes of adaptation to environmental changes", proc. spie 4512, 100, 2001.
- Explains lu, maulik, moraru, kreutser, and das, d. k., molecular adaptation of vascular endothelial cells to oxidative stress.
- Describes wiegant, f. a. c., p. m.
- Explains that oxygen sensing and signaling impact on the regulation of physiologically important genes.
- Explains that some organisms see extreme environments as their cradles of life. these adaptations can be explored in our very own body.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that g proteins are proteins that bind guanine nucleotides, either dtp or gdp.
- Explains that the mechanism for transmitting signals across the plasma membrane by g proteins is of ancient evolutionary origin and highly conserved.
- Explains the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway, which aids in signaling through signal transduction using pathways that control intracellular events.
- Explains that free ribosomes become associated with the endoplasmic reticulum to allow for the release of the synthesized protein into the rough end
- Explains the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein processing and sorting.
- Explains that the golgi complex processes proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum before sending them out to the cell.
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710 wordsRead More - cellopinionated essaySome cells are definitely more important than other cells but every cell still has a job. The cell membrane separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum transports sugars, the rough endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins. Vacuoles stores H2O, sugars and wastes. Ribosomes convert proteins. The cell wall is found in plants and bacteria, it supports and structures cellulose. Lysosomes digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The golgi apparatus is responsible for the proc...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the cell membrane is one of the most important organelles in their opinion.
- Explains that the cell membrane separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. the cell wall supports and structures cellulose.
- Explains the cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
- Opines that lysosomes aren't as important as the cell membrane. they can also cause disease if there's a problem.
- Concludes that the cell membrane is the most important cell of all, and lysosomes should not be downsized because of their importance protecting cells.
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