I have to pull two alleles (two straws) from the bag to represent one fish because fishes like humans get two alleles one from their father and one from their mother.
Summary of the phenotypic frequency (fish color) and the allele frequency (straw color)
Test 1: In the first test the phenotypic frequency changed to favor fish that were green or yellow colored as every other blue fish was targeted by predators. In the last generation only one blue fish was left and eight and six of the green and yellow fish. The allele frequency changed as well with the yellow allele frequency staying the same while the blue allele number dropped down to ten.
Test 2: In the second test the phenotypic frequency changed to favor fish that were green or blue colored as every other yellow fish was targeted by predators. In the last generation only two yellow fish were left and six and seven of the green and blue fish. The allele frequency changed as well with the blue allele frequency staying the same while the yellow allele number dropped down to ten.
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Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same number.
Test 4: All three phenotypic frequencies saw a reduction in their number as the homozygote fishes saw a reduction in their number and were not able to pass on their alleles to create either their colored fish or a heterozygote. Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same
One of the phenotypes was poorly adapted for capturing wildloops. What is a possible explanation for why the nonadaptive alleles for this phenotype do not get removed from the population entirely over the course of many generations?
In our genes, multiple different alleles determine whether one person will have a certain trait or not. Alleles are what make-up our genotypes and in this lab, we wanted to determine the genotypes of our class in the two loci: TAS2R38 and PV92. The TAS2R38 locus codes for a protein that involves the bitter taste of PTC; the gene determines whether or not a person will taste the PTC paper as very bitter or no taste at all. People with the “T” allele are tasters while those that are homozygous recessive (tt) are non-tasters. The taster locus can be found chromosome 7.3 The two different alleles present in the could be due to the effect of evolution and natural selection because the same can be found in chimps.4 The PV92 locus does not code for any protein but rather involves an Alu element that is 300-bp long. A person with the “+” allele would have the Alu element making that sequence longer while those with the “-“ allele don’t have the element and would have a shorter sequence. This locus can be found on chromosome 16.3 There are multiple Alu sequences found among primate genomes but there are human specific sequences such as the one found on the PV92 locus.1 In the experiment, student DNA was collected from cheek cells and PCR was used to target the loci and amplify the region of DNA. In the taster gene, after amplification, a restriction digest was performed to differentiate between the two alleles. The digest was able to show differentiation because those with the “T” allele would have two bands from gel electrophoresis and those with “t” will have one band because the restriction enzyme doesn’t cut it. For the PV92, we were able to distinguish between the alleles due to the added length of the Alu element. Those...
This would produce 100% of the dominant phenotype in females with 50% carrying the recessive trait.
It is challenging to analyze phenotypes when there is little information known about genes. With the moths, nobody knows which of the moth's genes are responsible for the changes in color, so a genetic analysis is extremely difficult to do.
In this experiment we set out to determine whether or not two different fruit fly crosses fit the 9:3:3:1 ratio, which is set up by the law of independent assortment. We did this by setting up a flask with first generation flies that gave rise to a second generation, which could be used to observe inheritance of phenotypes based on the parental phenotypes. We put the flies under a dissecting microscope to determine which phenotypes they exhibited, recorded the phenotypes in a table, used the data to determine the chi squared value, and compared our chi squared value to that of a table to determine if it actually fit the expected ratio. We found that in one cross this was true and that the other cross shouldn’t have fit it because it didn’t
Some individuals have developed different traits to help them in the process of intra-sexual competition. The organisms with more distinctive traits have greater reproductive success. More genes of those traits are then ‘selected’ and are passed onto the offspring of the organisms. Throughout time variability in these traits becomes
This means putting all the flies to sleep by fly nap and taking them out to observe traits. Observe the traits under a microscope because the flies are so small. Separate the flies by sex and phenotypes. Record the data collected in the table of your lab manual. Experiment one can now perform a new cross with the F1 x F1 with five males and females from the fly house and place them in a new fly house. The testcross is established by wild type females that are heterozygous and dumpy/ sepia males that are homozygous. Lay both houses on its side and clearly label. Experiment two can now perform a F1 xF1 cross with five females and five males from the old fly house into a new fly house. The testcross for experiment two is wild type female’s heterozygous and sepia/ebony males homozygous from the parental generation into a new fly
Male White Eyes 580 0.2047 Assignment Bα: The experiment was switched with the female having the wild-type trait and male having the white eyes. The F1 generation of this cross consisted of 582 females with wild-type and 582 males with wild-type. A total of 1164 flies were observed and a 1:1 ratio was expected. Generation Sex Trait Amount Chi-Square F1 Female Wild-type 582 0.0000 F1
Rantala, M. J., and Roff, D. A. 2006. Analysis of the importance of genotypic variation,
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
Anthocyanin is a purple colored pigment in plants that protect tissue from stressful light conditions (Glover and Martin 2012). This experiment utilized monohybrid crosses of the Wisconsin Fast Plant variety of B. rapa with the F_1 generation having one dominant allele for anthocyanin (ANL) and one recessive allele (anl) (Kinds Plants 2014), to complete their life cycle and produce offspring that were observed for their phenotype. By utilizing the genotype of each parent a prediction for the outcome of these genetic crosses was formulated with a Punnett square (Brooker et al. 2014). Since two alleles need to be existent for a recessive trait to be conveyed, and only one allele for a dominant trait (Morgan and Carter 2008), the offspri...
In this experiment, Mendelain Models are observed. The purpose of the experiment is to understand how traits are passed from one generation to the other as well as understanding the difference between sex linked and autosomal genes. One particular trait that is observed in this experiment is when a fly is lacking wings, also known as an apterous mutation. In this experiment, we will determine whether this mutation is carried on an autosomal chromosome or on a sex chromosome. The data for this experiment will be determined statistically with the aid of a chi-square. If the trait is autosomal, then it will be able to be passed to the next generation on an autosomal chromosome, meaning that there should be an equal amount of male and
According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with nature’s challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characteristics of adapting to such challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can perform tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species.
Heterozygote superiority. (n.d.). In World of biology. Retrieved from Gale Science in Context database. (Accession No. CV2431500311)
...ses of linkage and to observe that the four different phenotypes produced by a dihybrid cross as aforementioned must occur in an 9:3:3:1 ratio. Correns also implied that segregation was a result of meiosis (Moore, 2001).