What legislative professionalism means and what constitutes a professional legislature are difficult questions to answer; therefore, studies of professionalism have employed a variety of measures of the concept (King 2000). In this section, we discuss various measures of legislative professionalism suggested by scholars. In doing so, we point out that their measures are exclusively focused on Western countries with an established democracy and that few studies have given sufficient attention to non-Western countries.
Legislative professionalism refers to the extent to which the legislature can “command the full attention of its members, provide them with adequate resources to do their jobs in a manner comparable to other full-time political
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The first indices were created by Grumm (1971) and the Citizens Conference on State Legislatures (CCSL) in1971. Their measures were based on what each identified as ideal characteristics of a professionalized legislature (Squire 2007). The CCSL gathered their data through personal interviews in every state capitol between 8 and 20 political insiders. These data were reduced to five categories relevant to legislative capacity on which all states were ranked: functionality, accountability, informedness, independence, and representatives. These rankings were then combined to yield an overall ranking of state legislative professionalism (Mooney 1994). On the other hand, Grumm (1971) combined legislators’ pay, total session length, legislative operational expenditures, staff services, and the number of bills introduced. According to Mooney (1994), this approach is problematic because it combines theoretically reasonable measures of professionalism (e.g., session length) with a measure—number of bills—that is more clearly an output measure (Grissom and Harrington 2013). In response to this criticism, Morehouse (1983) replicated Grumm’s procedures almost exactly for the different period, the only difference being that she substituted the average population per house seat for Grumm’s …show more content…
For instance, in addition to the three common components of professionalism—compensation, staffing, and session length—Moncrief (1994) included turnover rates. According to him, turnover rates are often viewed as a measure of legislative professionalism. Moncrief gave an example of Steward’s (1989, 17) statement that “high rates of legislative turnover, short length of legislative sessions, low salaries, and small staffs are all hallmarks of a non-professionalized legislature.” Next, Mooney (1995) constructed a measure similar to Squire’s, the only difference being that Mooney added the number and structure of committees’ variables to the professionalism index. As another example, King (2000) included compensation, days in session, and expenditures for services and operations per legislator. The modification of Squire’s Index involves the third component, i.e., the expenditures for staff and support services in place of the number of staff members. According to King (2000), this substitution is necessary for the reason that data on the number of staff members are not available for the 1960s. Moreover, he reasoned that expenditures for services and operations are a logical substitute because they tap the same underlying concept and correlate highly with the size of the legislative staff; thus, they have been incorporated in other professionalism indices (Dilger, Krause, and Moffett 1995;
You have been asked by the state representative to analyze and write a report on a very important piece of legislation. You have kept track of this legislation, but been having a...
Most individuals with a general background knowledge of the United States Federal Government system are aware that in order for a bill to become a law, it must first pass a majority vote in Congress. There is, however, a very important step in the legislative process that sometimes goes unnoticed. The committee system of the legislation process ensures that the appropriate attention is given to each bill introduced to Congress. Each member of both chambers are assigned to committees and subcommittees, and are expected to become subject matter experts in their respective roles as committee members.
In this scenario, Margaret is a newly hired medical assistant for this very busy medical practice. Margaret had good intentions with wanting to leave a good impression. However, she should have thought more about patient care and her ability to perform a procedure on her own. Fortunately, even though the office seemed to need the extra help. Margaret being a new hire and having not much time with blood draws, or the way that the office is run. Should have consulted with one of the experienced staff members of RN’s, Medical assistants and seven providers. She should have also asked about their policy and the procedures that the practice uses.
...ls are convincing as guidelines that legislators should follow. These values promote integrity that has been lacking in Congress. Since a politician is an individual, outside influences should not overpower his or her decision-making process. In addition, fairness forces lawmakers to play by the rules. Lastly, politicians must be accountable to the citizens that they represent because they need to be protecting their interests. These three principles force politicians to follow the morals of the “American democratic tradition,” (Thompson p.24-25).
Special rules and new floor procedures have been institutionalized. Although the external political environment of the House is as electrifying as that of the Senate, it is based on a very different body of basic rules. The individualist Senate, a body in which senators aggressively exploited the great Congressional privileges these rules gave them, as she argues, to further their own individual ends. In fact, nowadays, the process of lawmaking in a chamber with non-majoritarian rules and with members so accustomed to exploiting those rules fully is reasonably expected to drag on for months, if not
Contrasts in the lawmaking methodology utilized as a part of the House and Senate reflect the distinctive size of the two chambers and individual terms of its parts. In the House, the dominant part gathering is inflexibly in control, stacking advisory groups with lion 's share party parts, and utilizing principles to seek after enactment supported by its parts. In the Senate, singular parts are better ready to hold up the procedure, which prompts lower similarity costs, however higher exchange costs. The complication of the lawmaking procedure gives rivals different chances to murder a bill, making a solid predisposition for the present state of affairs.
Professionalism in the workplace in many professions can be simplified into general categories such as neat appearance, interaction with clients, punctuality, general subject knowledge, and likability. In nursing, professionalism encompasses a much more broad and inclusive set of criteria than any other profession. Nurses specifically are held to a higher standard in nearly every part of their job. Nurses are not only expected to uphold what it seen as professional in the aforementioned categories, but they are also expected to promote health, wellbeing, and advocate for patients, but also continually provide the highest standard of care, demonstrate exemplary subject and procedural knowledge, and abide by the Code of ethics set forth by the American Nurses Association. This Code of Ethics includes the complex moral and ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, honesty, and integrity.
National Conference of State Legislatures. Wendy Underhill , 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
Professionalism is an adherence to a set of values comprising both a formally agreed-upon code of conduct and the informal expectations of colleagues, clients and society. The key values include acting in a patient's interest, responsiveness to the health needs of society, maintaining the highest standards of excellence in the practice of medicine and in the generation and dissemination of knowledge. In addition to medical knowledge and skills, medical professionals should present psychosocial and humanistic qualities such as caring, empathy, humility and compassion, as well as social responsibility and sensitivity to people's culture and beliefs. All these qualities are expected of members of highly trained professions.
Professionalism is defined as one's conduct at work. The quality of professionalism is not restricted to those in occupations with high level of education or high earnings. Any worker regardless of their level of education or occupation should demonstrate a high level of this trait (About.com, 2013). Acting professionally at workplace makes others think of you as reliable, respectful, and competent.
Many people argue that the legislative branch is run by few big interest groups because of their massive contributions against very small contributions from individuals. In a democratic society, power must be shared equally among its citizens, but is that the case in the United States? The answer is simply no, and by limiting their overall spending on elections, policymakers will listen and pay more attention to the public interest over the special interest. Also, by revealing the freeloaders’ names, people will have more knowledge of who is representing them and who has tended to benefit those who made contributions to their campaigns. Finally, prohibiting the spending on food, entertainment and gifts to legislative branch employee will also reduce the corruption in the legislative
...upreme Court selections. It has been the subject of academic inquiry in a variety of fields, as well as law, economics, and public policy. For the reason that our congressional depiction is founded ahead geographical boundaries, the lobbyists who have a word for the a variety of commercial economic, and additional functional interests of the country serve up a functional purpose and have supposed an significant role in the legislative process
Impact On Legislator Perception” by Hedlund was informative and edifying. The researcher set out to assess the effectiveness of this theory and of management science approach in reviewing the influence of a legislature’s leadership on individual members. There findings were interesting and intriguing, the findings indicated that the path-goal theory could be appropriately applied to the legislative setting with encouraging results. (1) The concept of the leader consideration, leader initiating structure and role ambiguity. (2) The leader must be specific as it relates to progress indicators; with understanding to modify when needed.
Universities tend to depend on the skills and knowledge/know how of their operating professional to function; and produce standard products or services. Which is another reason professional bureaucracy best suits them, as their operating duties/task is primary steadfast, leading to predictable, in forced, standards of behavior. Professional bureaucratic is intricate, and so must be regulated by the university experts who carries it out. Therefore, the university resorts to the coordinating mechanism, which permits for imposition of standards, regulations, and decentralization all at the same time; in other words, the standardization of skills or experience.
For years, countries have had different legislatures bicameral and unicameral. The features of each legislatures are distinct from one another. It even accounts to various vices and virtues. Both legislatures exist in various countries in the world. The reason to which varies in each place. Legislatures are essential for a society to perform politically well. However, the political structure of every nations varies thus, there exist no simple generalization. The structural arrangements of different legislatures are distinct in relation to their number of chambers available. (Danziger, J. N. (1996))