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“‘The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather will cure and prevent disease with nutrition’” (Thomas Edison). Artificial nutrition and hydration dates back to about 3,500 years ago. During this time, Ancient Greeks and Egyptians were performing “rectal feedings”. They injected enemas to insert nutrients into the rectum to preserve health. This was to protect inflamed bowel surfaces or treat diarrhea. It was made from liquids such as wine, milk, whey and wheat or barley broths. Later on, they added eggs and brandy to the mix. Nutrition is the process of consuming food that is necessary for life, health and growth. Hydration is drinking water that is from either fluids or foods. Artificial nutrition and hydration (N&H) is a treatment that gives someone fluids and/or nutrition for their body without them taking it in their mouths and swallowing it. There has been some disagreements whether or not to withdraw or withhold artificial nutrition and hydration for end of life care. “End of life care” is when healthcare workers take care of people who are at the end of their life. Whether it is because they are in old age, very ill or injured, or sick with a disease. The disagreements exist because of it being based on if it is necessary or required to use artificial nutrition and hydration.
A Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was completed on Anne. The MNA is a tool used to provide a rapid assessment of elderly patients’ nutritional status. The MNA is made up of simple measurements and a few brief questions that can be completed by the patient in no more than ten minutes. The nutritional status of a patient is evaluated using a two-step process to accurately determine a patient’s nutritional status (McGee
It has long been established that both short and long-term exercise increase metabolic rate and heat production. This naturally predisposes participants to dehydration. Typical symptoms of dehydration include elevated temperature, fluid and electrolyte imbalance due to sweating, and loss of critical nutrients, such as glycogen (depleted via metabolic pathways). Many individuals participating in moderate to rigorous training schedules may engage in daily exercise, if not multiple exercise routines in one day (3,4,5,6). It then follows that the goal for these individuals should be avoidance of dehydration and maximization of rehydration through maintenance of electrolyte balance, replenishment of muscle glycogen, and plasma osmolality. Thus, examination of a fluid’s efficacy in these three areas is crucial. Through extensive research, it is evident that Gatorade will rehydrate faster and more effectively than water.
The case of Nancy Cruzan has become one of the landmark cases for withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration because of important ethical issues the case brings to light. At the time of the case, the United States Supreme Court had already established the right of an individual to refuse medical treatment. This issue therefore is not novel to the Cruzan case. Furthermore, there was not any controversy over who was the appropriate decision maker for Nancy Cruzan. The significant issue that the Cruzan case did bring to the table of medical ethics regarded whether or not a substituted decision make could choose to withdraw artificial hydration and nutrition on behalf of another individual.
When performing evidence based practice research, the Iowa Model uses a team or individual approach to assist nurses in the journey to quality care. The Iowa Model begins by offering a process of selecting a proper clinical topic, which is often a recurring problematic issue (Polit & Beck, 2012). This topic is formulated as a question to improve a technique or procedure. Once the researcher determines that an ample amount of reported investigation exists on the desired question, information may be gathered and presented for approval (Polit & Beck, 2012). The research may lead to a gradual change in nursing practice.
The NHS choices (2010) states that upholding a balanced diet is important for good health, this can be accomplished by giving the patient a selection of foods from the five major food groups. This indicates that we as professionals need to be giving the patients the right amount of food from each of the food groups. According to Bloomfield J, Pegram A (2012). They explain that there are many factors that can prevent patients within the hospital setting being given enough to eat and drink. It is important that we as professionals identify the factors which prevent the patient from receiving the right amount of food and water. According to Jeffries et al (2011) if we as nurses do not identify the factors it can cause malnutrition and other outcomes from postponed recovery, and also it could cause infections, which will then increases the patient’s time within hospital. Whiteing and Hunter (2008) stated that factors such as disruptions to mealtimes through preparation of investigations, or patients being absent from the ward when meals and drinks are served. We as nurses need take time to make sure that there is meal plan in place for the patients, this then will make sure that the patient is receiving their meals at the same time during the day, also giving the patent a copy of this plan will then therefore explain to them that meal time is a certain time as
The care of patients at the end of their live should be as humane and respectful to help them cope with the accompanying prognosis of the end of their lives. The reality of this situation is that all too often, the care a patient receives at the end of their life is quite different and generally not performed well. The healthcare system of the United States does not perform well within the scope of providing the patient with by all means a distress and pain free palliative or hospice care plan. To often patients do not have a specific plan implemented on how they wish to have their end of life care carried out for them. End of life decisions are frequently left to the decision of family member's or physicians who may not know what the patient needs are beforehand or is not acting in the patient's best wishes. This places the unenviable task of choosing care for the patient instead of the patient having a carefully written out plan on how to carry out their final days. A strategy that can improve the rate of care that patients receive and improve the healthcare system in general would be to have the patient create a end of life care plan with their primary care physician one to two years prior to when the physician feels that the patient is near the end of their life. This would put the decision making power on the patient and it would improve the quality of care the patient receives when they are at the end of their life. By developing a specific care plan, the patient would be in control of their wishes on how they would like their care to be handled when the time of death nears. We can identify strengths and weakness with this strategy and implement changes to the strategy to improve the overall system of care with...
Nutrition in humans is a product that require to supply the human body to function, nutrients also helps to prevent any disease in human organs.
Since 1916, the United States Department of Agriculture (the government agency responsible for all U.S. policy regarding agriculture, food, and farming) has revised their recommendations several times. Unfortunately, money talks and the USDA’s recommendations are based on outdated science and are influenced by people with business interest. Even so, its recommendations are considered almost “holy” by physicians, nutritionists, and dieters, but in reality, they are the root cause of the problem. A single visit to our local public school cafeteria and it will become clear that they do not have the best interests of the children at heart. What they are feeding our innocent children is preposterous. Doctors, the people we trust and expect to be “the experts”, do not know much about the subject of nutrition. A vast majority of medical schools in the U.S. require just 25-30 hours or less of nutrition training, and some do not require at all. So doctors must rely on the ...
Dietitian meeting the needs if the patients’ needs as ordered from a nutritional point of view.
Rhoads Jonathan E. 1984. The history and development of nutritional assessment of the hospitalized patient. In Wright Richard A., Heymsfield, Steven and McManus, Clifford B., editors. Nutritional Assessment. Boston, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc. p3-11.
Artificial nutrition and hydration is a medium that allows a person to receive nutrition (food) and hydration (fluids) when they are no longer able to take them by mouth. This type of nutritional support reduces physical deterioration, and improves quality of life. Artificial nutrition and hydration can be administered via intravenous (IV) administration or by putting a tube in the stomach. Ms. Long is severely malnourished and weak as evidenced by her appearance and her right arm lying limping on the bed. She also has limited swallowing ability and large necrotic pressure sore on her sacrum. Based on her condition, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube was administered to provide her the necessary food, fluid and medication in other
In order to perform at peak potential an athlete must fuel their body with nutritious foods. Proteins, carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables; these three-core food groups fuel a winning athlete. Proteins help build, teeth, bones and muscles, and create enzymes, red blood cells, long-term energy, as well, boost the immune system. Its functions are the most diverse of any food group. Protein consists of combinations of structures called amino acids that combine in various ways to make muscles, bone and tissues. They serve other functions as well including nutrient transportation and enzyme production for overall health beneficence. Adequate, regular protein intake is essential because the body does not easily store it. Various foods supply protein in different amounts with the highest quantaty coming mostly from animal products such as meat, fish, and eggs.
Since we have been learning about nutrition in class, our task was to record a food log. Nutrition requires a well-balanced diet containing nutrient and vitamins like amino acids and fatty acids. Over the past seven days I have been recording and have been looking very carefully at my intake of nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and fats. In our task, the objective was to record the basic foods we ate during the period of seven, but it did not require recording every single detail or our intake of food. Doing this food log was a pain and it was disturbing because I never wrote about what I ate like breakfast, lunch, dinner, or additional meals. I found this food log useful because it helped me learn what I can change in my intake of foods to make my diet healthy and to see what about my diet is affecting me from being healthy because I could affect me in the future.
feeding tube. In essence you are dead. Your body is no longer able to sustain
...ravenous feeding must begin the treatment. A formula consisting of 42% dried skim milk, 32% edible oil, and 25% sucrose plus electrolyte, mineral, and vitamin supplements are recommended for the first phase of introducing food to the body. The treatment back to health is an extended process first begins with liquids. Gradually, solid foods are introduced and a daily diet providing 5,000 calories or more is instituted. The problem is that the resources are not available everywhere and are even more limited by the lack of financial needs and access to above required items. If had the access and resources then the people would have the possibility and chance so they can recover from severe degrees of starvation to a normal stature and function. Children, however, may suffer from permanent mental retardation or growth defects if their deprivation was long and extreme.