According to Thompson (2017), “a conceptual model or a conceptual framework represents abstract and general work that can guide research and practice. A conceptual model may be thought of as an early-stage of theory development.”
Betty Neuman’s Systems model focuses on the response of the patient system in relation to actual or potential environmental factors. “The patient system can be an individual, a family member, or a community and it is comprised of five parts: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual variables” (Kearney-Nunnery, 2016). The implications for nursing practice are listed as the Nursing Diagnosis, the Nursing Goals and the Nursing Outcomes.
The Nursing Diagnosis involves “the nurse to identify the patient’s system perceptions and his or her own perceptions, regarding basic structure factors such as: energy, normal temperature, and response pattern as well as degree of potential reaction of the environmental factors that would threaten the stability of the patient system, (Kearney-Nunnery. Chapter 3, pg. 39.) The
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Chapter 3. Pg. 39. “Primary prevention occurs before the patient reacts to a stressor” (Gonzalo, 2011).“This intervention helps strengthen a person in order to enable them to deal better with stressors, while also promoting health and wellness. The secondary prevention occurs after the patient reacts to a stressor. The intervention focuses on dealing with the stressor by strengthening internal resistance or by just removing the stressor. The tertiary prevention occurs after the person/system has been treated with the secondary intervention. Here, the nurse focuses on reorienting the patient/system as needed and helping them by focusing on appropriate goals to maintain the highest level of wellness and health ” (Betty Neuman’s System Model,
Schmidt, C. (2004). In our community: One vision followed by thousands. Lippincott's Nursing Center.com,104(8), 36-37. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/JournalArticle?Article_ID=517471
Nursing diagnosis is a clinical assessment of health problems experienced by a family or an individual and their response to this health problem. It helps in determination of interventions that are to be put in place so as to realize the desired outcome. This diagnosis enables the nurse to come up with a care plan for the patient (National institute of health, 2002).
The Neuman Systems Model (NSM) is a holistic and open system that involves the shifting relationship between a client / client system and its environment (Neuman & Fawcett, 2002). Because of Neuman’s holistic perspective, the model suggests that the client must be understood comprehensively by constructing the client system to include the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual variables (Neuman & Fawcett, 2002). The client system is also shown in the model as circles to include a basic core structure (basic survival factors), lines of resistance (closest to the core and protects the system), normal line of defense (normal state of operating), and flexible line of defense (outer boundary
The Neuman Systems Model was developed by Betty Neuman in an effort to teach an introductory nursing course to students. The model’s focus is on the wellness of the patient, known as the client, relative to environmental stressors and the reactions to those stressors (Fawcett, 2001). The main goal of the model is stress reduction. The model explains how humans are interrelated products built from physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual variables and relationships between these variables determine the client’s reaction to stressors (Smith, 1989). Neuman’s theory describes the nurse’s role is to focus on the total person with the goal of preserving or recouping client stability. This can be achieved through interventions focused on reducing internal and external stressors that affect the client’s maximum functioning ability (Knight, 1990).
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing in 1994, created system Management Theory (SMT). Conceptualization at that time was based upon models that had been developed by nurses such as Orem’s Self-care model (Humpreys, 2008). There are three dimensions that make up SMT that include symptom experience, symptom management strategies, and symptom status outcomes (Newcomb, 2010). These dimensions are interrelated and embedded in the underlying nursing domains (Newcomb, 2010). According to the author, with proper modifications, this theory might be adapted for the pediatric population. Evidence-based practice was used to bolster the original theory in 2001 and make it pertinent to pediatrics. SMT is constantly being revised to include the components that are tested and proven to work for the best possible patient outcomes.
Spark Ralph, S. & Taylor, C. M. (2011). Nursing diagnosis reference manual (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
The concept of person refers to the recipient of nursing care, such that no person is the object of care and no aspect of wellbeing is left out (Arnold & Boggs, 2001; Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, & Kirkham, 1998). This not only includes disease and illness states, but also psychological, social and spiritual dimensions. Therefore, factors such as gender, lifestyle, behaviors, beliefs, values, coping skills, habits, perceptions and lived experiences are considered (Arnold & Boggs, 2011). This holistic and multi-centered approach also extends to families, communities, and populations (Schim et al., 2007). The concept of person is central to nursing theory and research, and is fundamental to the, “Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses,” as outlined by the Canadian Nurses Association (2008). In practice, ‘person’ is used to guide client teaching and nursing interventions (Kozier, Berman, Snyder, Buck, Yiu, & Stamler, 2014).
As nurses enter into the practice of nursing, they recognize the importance of using their education to guide their actions within the clinical setting. “Theories are pattern that guide the thinking about, being and doing, of nursing” (Parker, 2006, p.8). Comparing theories allows the core structure of the theories to be brought to light, as well as display the merits of using a particular theory while practicing nursing. The theories of Martha Rogers and Betty Neuman were developed at roughly the same point in time, which means that different theories can arise out of the same general world situation. Rogers Science of Unitary Beings illustrates a truly holistic view, as it hypothesizes that human beings and their environment are energy fields which are irreducible elements of the universe. On the other hand, Neuman uses a systematic model to describe human-environment interaction. While these theories have similarities, their differences as models for nursing and in clinical use provide great insight into how important theories are to nursing practice and research. This paper will discuss the theories of Rogers and Neuman, their implications in practice and research, and the future of these theories in nursing. These two theories were chosen because they provide differing perspectives on how humans interact with the world, community and healthcare.
Betty Neuman was inspired by many different theorists to develop a system's model in 1970 that serves as a teaching tool for graduate students. It is one of the most frequently used models for nursing research. This conceptual model focuses attention on the response of the client system to stressors in the environment. According to Butts & Rich ( 2012) as cited in Fawcett (2005), Neuman's Systems Model is pragmatic and can be used as guide for nursing education and practice, it can be translated to other cultures, and it has the potential to facilitate resolution of universal nursing concerns. Like other models of nursing, the major concepts are person, health, nursing and the environment but Neuman uses a systems approach to explain how these
Models have become essential for the development of human knowledge. They are the methods we follow, in order to simplify and understand more easily the realization of certain tasks involving the different fields of knowledge. When a method of thinking and way of achieving a certain goal becomes popular, the rest of the community adopts it. Hence, as soon as a method of thinking becomes predominant over another, it is said to have become a model. For example, we can consider mathematical formulas, scientific procedures, and even our way of living, areas in which a distinct model is followed. A model can be a theory or scheme used to consider a certain set of information within the same field, which is presumed to be the only logical method intended for the progress of this specific task. (For instance, a cooking recipe.) However, someone can find this model unsuitable. Therefore, they decide to break the scheme and proceed to develop a new method. Moreover, those people who create new paradigms (models), are considered rebels and extreme radicals. Subsequently, can someone define a boundary between; how much of the existing theories (paradigms) are valid; if they can be modified or if new ones can be brought about?
As humans are living entities, one will experience that we constantly strive to achieve balance to be able to function within one’s current environment. One may be aware or unaware of the never-ending changes made in order to achieve homeostasis within our environment, internal or external. In Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Theory it is said that, “Between the system and the environment occurs an exchange of information, matter, and energy” (Gonzalo, 2011, para. 1). In Roy’s theory the five major concepts include: the environment, health, person, nursing goals, and adaptation. I feel the most important major concept is the adaptation portion of the theory. Adaptation is the primary bases of the theory and has four parts: physiological, self-concept, role, and interdependence. I have utilized Roy’s theory into my own nursing practice in order to identify stimuli that the patient is experiencing within his/her environment. When a stimulus within the patient’s environment is present the patient will use coping mechanisms in order to gain a sense of balance with in the present changes that they might be experiencing.
Neuman’s system model was also influenced by several sources including the philosophy writers de Chardin and cornu on (wholeness in system), Von Bertalanfy, Lazlo on (general system theory), Selye on (stress theory) and Lararus on (stress and coping) (currentnursing.com). The goal of this model was to provide a comprehensive holistic and system-based approach to nursing that contains an element of flexibility. The theory focuses on the response of the patient system as a whole to actual or potential environmental stressors and the use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention for retention, attainment, and maintenance of patient system wellness (www.nursing-theory.org). This theory helps nurses considered all the variables of the client, including but not limited to, works stress, relationship stress, social stresses, sleeping habits, eating habits etc., Neuman believed that all the stressors of the environment has affects ones health. (www.Nurses.info). Neuman believed that maintaining one’s stability when changes occur in life will help increase ones overall health status throughout
Orem explained, “I and my colleagues recognized and sought to understand the complexity of nursing. We found as our work progressed that a definitive definition and an expressed general theory of nursing were the intellectual instruments that were helpful for recognizing and dealing with the realities of nursing and its complexity in the world of nurses and their patients” (2011, p. 37). In doing so they created a complex theory that is broken down into three parts: self-care, self-care deficit, nursing systems. Self-care is the individual’s ability to care for self, which includes maintaining life, health, development and well-being. When an individual is unable to meet those needs, a deficit occurs. Once the deficit outweighs the ability to care for self, nursing systems are required. This deficit and desire to restore health and return to health care is the essence of nursing
Nursing theories are significant to the nursing practices since they offer assumptions, hypotheses, and ideas which can be utilized in different situations of patient care. The models provide a wide range of conceptual structures that nurses can base their practices. This paper shall discuss two nursing theories including Betty Neuman Systems’ Model and Roy Adaptation approach about their application on patient care. The theories are described in detail and compared regarding the nursing metaparadigm which comprises of person, environment, health, and nursing (Branch et al. 2016). The models shall also be applied to a clinical scenario which is also illustrated in the paper. Indeed, the nursing theories help in enhancing better
Betty Maxine Reynolds was born in Lowell, Ohio, on September 11, 1924. Adopting the name Betty Neuman after she married Richard Neuman, an OB/GYN resident, in 1954 (Bullough & Sentz, 2004). She worked in many capacities of nursing as an organizational developer, administrator, and educational consultant, but she is best known for the Neuman System Model and as a nursing pioneer in mental health. She holds a Master’s degree in Mental Health, Public Health Consultation from UCLA and two Honorary Doctorates, one from Neumann College and other from Grand Valley State University. She developed the Neuman System Model during her lecturing years at UCLA while seeking to offer her students