Introduction
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing in 1994, created system Management Theory (SMT). Conceptualization at that time was based upon models that had been developed by nurses such as Orem’s Self-care model (Humpreys, 2008). There are three dimensions that make up SMT that include symptom experience, symptom management strategies, and symptom status outcomes (Newcomb, 2010). These dimensions are interrelated and embedded in the underlying nursing domains (Newcomb, 2010). According to the author, with proper modifications, this theory might be adapted for the pediatric population. Evidence-based practice was used to bolster the original theory in 2001 and make it pertinent to pediatrics. SMT is constantly being revised to include the components that are tested and proven to work for the best possible patient outcomes.
Three Dimensions and Modifications
Originally, the traditional theory was composed of symptoms experience, symptom management strategies, and symptom status outcomes. Perceiving, evaluating, and responding are integral and initial components of system experience. Dimensions are linear with the preceding dimension directing the next. While this approach was effective for adult populations, it was too elementary when applied to pediatric populations. Improvements were needed because, “…the current SMT model … does not capture the idea that psychological, social, emotional, spiritual, or physical growth occurs in each significant event in a child's life.” (Newcomb, 2010) Noncompliance from children and their caregivers is another weakness. Management strategies cannot be evaluated for effectiveness and adjusted appropriately for optimal outcomes. Moreover, com...
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...iate communication between children, parents or caregivers, and health care providers to validate the symptom experiences to ensure the best patient outcomes Ideally patient and caregiver teaching is a crucial aspect of treatment. The author likens SMT to a spiral to illustrate how these three dimensions evolve among each other through additional concepts.
References
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Newcomb, P. (2010). Using symptom management theory to explain how nurse practitioners care for children with asthma. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing , 14(2), 40-44.
Johnson’s Behavioral System Model is a model of nursing care that supports the development of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness. The patient is recognized as a behavioral system composed of seven behavioral subsystems including affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The purposeful requirements for these subsystems include protection from noxious influences, provision for a nurturing environment, and stimulation for growth. When any subsystem is imbalanced, it is the nurse’s role to help the patient return to a state of equilibrium.
Sieloff, C. L., & Raph, S. W. (2011). Nursing theory and management. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(8), 979-980. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01334.x
The Neuman Systems Model provides a systematic approach to nursing research and practice that allows for empirical research and data collection. This model has been used to develop several middle range theories; it also encourages evidence-based practice and outcomes (Ume-Nwagbo, DeWan, & Lowry, 2006). Neuman (2007, p. 112) states, “Theory-based care activities will scientifically validate a science of nursing, helping close the gap between practice and education.” Continued research is needed to support and refine the concepts that produce theory-based nursing interventions in nursing practice. The Neuman Systems Model Research Institute is committed to encouraging research that is focused on obtaining new nursing knowledge based on the Neuman Systems Model and derived middle-range theories (Neuman & Fawcett,
Tolan, P. H., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Children's mental health as a primary care and concern: a system for comprehensive support and service. American Psychologist, 60(6), 601.
Tolan, P. H., & Dodge, K. A. (2005). Children's mental health as a primary care and concern: a system for comprehensive support and service. American Psychologist, 60(6), 601.
Thorne, S. (2010). Theoretical Foundation of Nursing Practice. In P.A, Potter, A.G. Perry, J.C, Ross-Kerr, & M.J. Wood (Eds.). Canadian fundamentals of nursing (Revised 4th ed.). (pp.63-73). Toronto, ON: Elsevier.
These children often show signs of emotional distress and immature behavior at a very young age. These symptoms might affect thei...
Clancy, T.R., Effken, J.A., & Pesut, D. (2008). Applications of complex systems theory in nursing education, research, and practice. Nursing Outlook, 56(5), 248-53.
University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital (2006). Children and adolescent mental health glossary. Retrieved November 24th, 2017 from http://www.uchicagokidshospital.org/online-library/content=P02566
People spend thousands of dollars on the works of treatments medicines and services for their children. We need to increase the availability and accessibility of treatment centers for children who develop these disorders. Pediatricians, teachers and mental health specialists should inform children on mental health so they are aware. Some programs and services that parents have available should include therapy, the National Institute on Health, Mental Health Programs, Family Health Services and Health maintenance organization to help parents in case they notice behavioral difference in their child.
Any learning that occurs should focus on treatments, tests, and minimizing pain and discomfort as they improve they can shift their focus of learning (Kitchie, 2014, p.127). I will continue to provide a meeting location that is both comfortable and private. In the emotional aspect of M.M. and her family I will try to identify moments when members feel emotionally supported as it sets the stage for a teachable moment (Miller & Nigolian, 2011, p.56). I will also discuss with each member their previous coping strategies that used that have been successful and to encourage them to find a way to build on and strengthen these qualities. Using teaching methods that are interactive and allow patients equal contributions and participation can help promote health compliance (Habel, 2005,
Critique of theory defines evidence-based nursing practice and denotes the congruence between the data from theory-generating research and current implementation (Fawcett & Desanto-Madeya, 2013, p. 313). Critiques must be non-judgemental and must attain the purpose of extending nursing research to address human complexity and nursing interventions. The writer’s purpose for this paper is to analyze Betty Neuman’s Systems Model Theory (NSM) using the criteria: theorist’s background, major assumptions, concepts and relationships, usefulness, testability, parsimony, and theoretical values in extending nursing science, as outlined by Wills (2002, pp. 118-122). The writer addresses the concepts of nursing, health, client, and environment,
When planning and providing care for a patient, nurses can benefit from understanding and utilizing various nursing theories. They help us focus care, individualize treatment, identify risk factors, health care needs and educational needs. Nursing theories, such as Betty Neuman’s nursing systems model, can be used within the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm to address all aspects of care. “In the United States, the nursing metaparadigm has been widely used to describe four spheres of nursing knowledge that reflect beliefs held by the profession about nursing’s context and content” (Myers Schim, Benkert, Bell, Walker, & Danford, 2007, p. 73).
Asthma is a disease that currently has no cure and can only be controlled and managed through different treatment methods. If asthma is treated well it can prevent the flare up of symptoms such as coughing, diminish the dependence on quick relief medication, and help to minimize asthma attacks. One of the key factors to successful treatment of asthma is the creation of an asthma action plan with the help of a doctor that outlines medications and other tasks to help control the patient’s asthma ("How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?"). The amount of treatment changes based on the severity of the asthma when it is first diagnosed and may be the dosage may be increased or decreased depending on how under control the patient’s asthma is. One of the main ways that asthma can be controlled is by becoming aware of the things that trigger attacks. For instance staying away from allergens such as pollen, animal fur, and air pollution can help minimize and manage the symptoms associated with asthma. Also if it is not possible to avoid the allergens that cause a patient’s asthma to flare up, they may need to see an allergist. These health professionals can help diagnosis what may need to be done in other forms of treatment such as allergy shots that can help decrease the severity of the asthma ("How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?").
Hanucharumkul, S. (1989). Comparative analysis of Orem's and King's theories. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14, 365-172.