With the advancement in EV technologies there has been an increasing approval of EVs leading to an increased market share. Gardner et al. (2013) draws the connection between transportation systems and electric power systems and discuss how the market penetration of PEVs a few years down the line could adversely affect the power grid of a city. They suggest ways to accommodate PEVs in the traditional transportation models and emphasizes on the importance of such a model. Range anxiety may cause PEV drivers to take more reliable routes based on energy consumption to avoid running out of charge. The travel patterns are required to be known so that regional power grid operators can provide electricity efficiently and optimally. They also identify the lack of research on traffic assignment models that incorporate PEVs in them. In their framework for evaluating the role of PEVs in transportation infrastructure they assumed 1> PEVs are charged only at home 2> All PEVs have the same range limit 3> PEV drivers and non-PEV drivers are the same from behavioral standpoint. Essentially, the only distinguishing feature of PEVs and non-PEVs was the energy consumption (or emission) rate. Jiang and Xie (2012) anticipate that households will prefer to own both GEVs and BEVs for a long time in the coming years and emphasize the problem of charging infrastructure and charging time which leads to most vehicles being charged either at home or at workplace. We have used this assumption in our tour framework where users charge the vehicle only at the start of the tour. They propose a mathematical formulation of simultaneous mode and route choice mixed equilibrium with GVs and BEVs where the travel impedance comprises of travel time and operating cost. Th... ... middle of paper ... ...est path based algorithms. Even with a single constraint and non-negative costs, the problem is NP-hard in the general case. Lagrangian relaxation based framework (Handler and Zang, 1980) is believed to be efficient for a single constraint like in the traditional constrained shortest path for BEVs. However, various labelling schemes like the one proposed by Desrochers and Soumis (1988) have been used traditionally. Dumitrescu and Boland (2001) propose an exact algorithm based gap closure using weight scaling. They also modify and extend previous pre-processing methods. Pre-processing is an important aspect of solving CSP and can be effective sometimes to reduce the network structure and speed up the algorithm. Dumitrescu and Boland (2003) through numerical experiments show how pre-processing can be effective in certain scenarios in reducing the computational time.
After 2020, though EV will be more popular compared to traditional vehicles, fiercer market competition can affect the growth of Tesla’s
Since the release of this first mass-produced of the hybrid vehicles the government has been doing a lot of things possible to be involved and also to regulate the purchasing’s of HEVs and PHEVs. Today, the President Obama has created a New Energy For America to plan for changes to its way the United States uses energy. The plan does include a section on the hybrid vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Soon the tax credits will be ended for its regular hybrid electrics vehicles. Now it is known, due to the rapid rate of the HEV sales the government has also withdrawn its tax rebates on HEV models, by giving exclusive tax cuts on EV and PHEV models, which based on its total electric charge that the battery pack can hold. Since then, HEV cars were popular among environmentally conscious drivers.
Adams, Greeson, Kennedy, and Tolman (2013) examined the length to which teenage IPV effects women’s educational and economic development. The results reflect the association between educational attainment and socioeconomic status (SES), and show that the educational deficit stemming from adolescent IPV has additional negative impact on women’s earnings into adulthood. The findings have significance in two areas; (a) there is a need for IPV prevention and intervention programs to insure females’ educational attainment against the damages resulting from an abusive partner, (b) intervention strategies to address IPV survivors’ ongoing education and career development goals need to extend across the life course to continually help identify open
The future American commuter will undoubtedly have to transition from the use of fossil fuels to new alternatives due to the diminishing availability of the nation’s oil resources. How will America respond to this upcoming issue? It is difficult to predict which alternative fuel source America will ultimately choose, but with the premier of Nissan’s electric powered Leaf and other companies; such as Tesla Motors and Chevy, with their electric cars ready for market, the electric car may be winning the race to become the new standard for the gasoline alternative. Electric cars resolve long standing environmental issues, but it will need to maneuver around many roadblocks to become a marketable consideration for the general public. The cost of electric cars, currently on the market, makes them an impractical purchase for the average consumer. If cost is not the growing concern in today’s economy which prevents the consumer from considering this option; they may deny the technological advance due to battery storage capabilities and the inadequate infrastructure in place to refuel and provide for them.
...t of the electric car for the economic and practical benefits that would reinvigorate the country and make life easier for everyone. Upon revisiting the original question to this essay, the electric car is a worthy solution to our energy crisis and proves to be an economically responsible car. Its long-term cost savings outweighs easily improved flaws. However, in order to better understand the work done by scientists, research must be done specifically on the predecessors to the electric car and determine how those have stood the test of time. This will be done in order to help predict how the electric car will survive in the world. The future may always have a hint of uncertainty, but if scientists, governments, and drivers implement the new car with care, the goal of a smooth transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources can finally be achieved.
Shortly after the Kohlsaat race, Thomas Edison said he believed gasoline, not electricity, would provide the dominant power source for the automobile of the future. "As it looks at the present," he s...
In order to earn profits the business needs to have right people at the right place at the right time. For this purpose to be fulfileld Human Resource Management is essential. That is why Philip Morris Pakistan pays huge emphasis on HRM as they want to hire competent, confident, and fearless people that can play a positive role towards the fulfillment of corporate goals and objectives. PEL’s HR department was established in 2006. The major objective of HRM is to increase and improve the productive contribution of personnel to the organization in a more ethical, social and administratively responsible way. It had four main divisions namely RMS- recruitment management system, learning and development, performance development and employee
With a gasoline-fueled vehicle, buying gas to operate your car is a never-ending process. With the high price change of gasoline and oil, operating a gasoline-fueled vehicle tends to be very costly. While there are some types of small gasoline vehicles that get much better gas mileage than larger vehicles, even the most powerful gasoline cars will normally desire a contribution every month. According to some experts the only way a mainstream market for green vehicles wills materlize is with a pronounced and prolonged rise in fuel prices. (Buss, 4)
Environmental concerns have been raised from time to time because of the dependency on the gasoline-fueled engine as the chief auto powertrain technology. This has resulted in exposing many automobile users to unpredictable prices of fuel. These issues were, however, the reason for the inception of Tesla Motors so as to bring into existence another set of automotive which serves the similar purpose; but uses another form of energy that being electricity to drive them instead of the disadvantageous gasoline-powered engine. This invention was influenced by a number of factors in terms of their planning and performance (Hunger, 2010).
The substantial increase in the demand for EV’s came just in time as we are slowly but surely running out of oil. Some estimate that by the year 2040, 35 percent of all vehicles will be electric (Sullins, 2017). An article from the U.S. Department of Energy stated that “Electric vehicles hold a lot of potential for helping the U.S. create a more sustainable future. If the U.S. transitioned all the light-duty vehicles to hybrids or plug-in electric vehicles, we could reduce our dependence on foreign oil by 30-60 percent, while lowering the carbon pollution from the transportation sector by as much as 20 percent (energy.gov, 2014). It’s obvious that gas-powered vehicles have harmed our planet with their emissions. Although EV’s cannot reverse that damage that has been done, they can eliminate, or at least slow down, the inevitable demise that our planet is headed towards. Along with the beneficial environmental factors that correspond with electric cars, there are also beneficial financial factors. The average American spends about $2,000 on gas annually. In the future, charging stations will charge roughly $12.00 for a full charge, which is about 300 miles. This means that the average American will save about $1,400 per year on these specific car
Cormen T. H, Leiserson C. E., Rivest R. L. and Stein C. [1990] (2001). “Introduction to Algorithms”, 2nd edition, MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-262-03293-7, pp. 27–37. Section 2.3: Designing algorithms..
In this case study I will be discussing advantages and disadvantages of electric cars. Electric cars are cars that are powered by electricity. Electric vehicles are an important part of cutting emissions and reducing global warming. The battery of an electric car stores electrical energy. The electric motor is coupled to the wheels through gears; it converts 59-60% of electrical energy into the wheels. The battery runs the motor which allows the car to move. Electric cars are necessary as they will save money, because electricity is cheaper than gas. Also electric vehicles will help reduce global warming and pollution. However, some people say that electric cars still have environmental costs. The electricity used to recharge EV batteries has to come from somewhere in the world, and now, most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels. Although electric vehicles are classified as green cars, purists will not appreciate the toxicity of the batteries.
Many vehicles in fleets operated by companies or government organizations are assigned to routes that could easily be handled by today’s electric vehicles. The driving distance for electric vehicles will become longer as advanced types of batteries, fuel cells, hybrid systems and other technologies continue to be developed. Costs for charging an electric vehicle will depend on the time of day the owner charges the vehicle, the utility rates, and the type of the electric vehicle. What’s almost certain is that people will pay substantially less than you pay to refuel a gasoline-powered car. The average monthly fuel cost for a typical electric vehicle driver is expected to be less than $15, compared to $50 for gasoline.
"Costs and Benefits of Electric Vehicles: A 2010 Perspective." Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 37.1 (2003): 1-28. Web. DeGunther, Rik. Alternative Energy for Dummies.
There is no doubt that electric cars are the most appealing from of transportation in the world. They provide two of the most important key points of good transportation: reliable and efficient. They are reliable due to their simplicity of their power trains and the advancement of technology they have. They are efficient because they don't use any gasoline and because their motors can pass the zero-emission standard. Even though they may seem like a boring form of transportation, they offer good features that help keep the Earth's air clean and they help reduce pollution.