Essay On Health Behavior Theories
explanatory Essay
2001 words
Health Behavior Theories
Victoria Volz
Kaplan University
DNP 715
Health Behavior Theories
Introduction
”Theories tell how and why things work; how and why one variable is related to another. Research findings that are theory based can be place in a framework that advances science further than findings that are unconnected to formal theory.” (O'Connell, 2009, p. 33).
In order to be effective as a health care educator, a basic knowledge and understanding of health behavior theories is crucial to working with patients, students and colleagues alike. Theories help the advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) to assess the basic educational needs of the client and develop interventions to address those needs. The behavioral and social sciences have contributed much to the development of health behavior theories. (O'Connell, p. 33). Several models will be discussed here.
The Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model (HBM) comes from the psychological and behavioral theorists. The premise is that there are two parts involved in health related behavior. “People are more inclined to engage in a health behavior when they think doing so can reduce a threat that is likely and would have severe consequences if it occurred.” (Brewer & Rimer, 2008, p. 152). The patient believes that a specific health action will prevent or cure the illness. How the individual responds depends on the perceived benefits and barriers of that health behavior.
This model has six constructs. These are:
(1) Perceived susceptibility, or the belief that one is at risk of acquiring the disease.
(2) Perceived severity, or the seriousness and consequences of having the disease.
(3) Perceived benefits, beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action...
... middle of paper ...
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Werner, S. (2012). Intention to work with individuals with dual diagnosis: Testing the Theory of Planned Behavior among students from various professions. Health and Social Work, 37(2), 81-90. Retrieve from, http://web.ebscohost.com.lib.kaplan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=19&sid=5aa37ce5-43a8-4ab6-b7b7-a0159b80862a%40sessionmgr4005&hid=4112
Wright, S. L., Perrone-McGovern, K. M., Boo, J. N., & White, A. V. (2014). Influential factors in academic and career self-efficacy: Attachment, supports and career barriers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 36-46. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00128.x
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the health belief model (hbm) comes from psychological and behavioral theorists. the patient believes that a specific health action will prevent or cure the illness.
- Explains the perception of susceptibility, or the belief that one is at risk of acquiring the disease.
- Explains subjective norms-beliefs about whether key people approve or disapprove of the behavior; motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval.
- Explains that the transtheoretical model (ttm) or stages of change model focuses on the decision-making of the individual as a process and not an event.
- Explains that pre-contemplation means that the individual has no intention of changing the behavior and is not aware of the health implications.
- Explains that the person intends to take action soon and they have made some preparation toward this action.
- Explains that social cognitive theory (sct) explores the reciprocal interactions of people and their environments, and the psychosocial determinants of health behavior.
- Explains that reciprocal determinism-interaction of the person, behavior and environment utilizes observations as the focal strength that supports the theory.
- Explains reinforcements-internal and external responses to behavior that influences the likelihood of continuing or discontinuing a behavior. they can be self-initiated or within the environment.
- Explains expectations-anticipated outcomes of a person’s behavior; may or may not be health related. people anticipate the consequences of their actions before engaging in the behavior.
- Opines that a basic knowledge and understanding of health behavior theories is crucial to working with patients, students and colleagues alike.
- Describes perceived benefits, beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action against the illness or altering the severity, and perceived barriers that might prevent one from performing the action.
- Explains that the health belief model (hbm) can be used to teach clients who are experiencing behaviors that can cause health concerns, such as screening programs for hypertension or smoking cessation.
- Explains the theory of planned behavior (tpb), an offshoot of the theory of reasoned action (tra), used to explain the relationship between behavior, attitudes and intentions to engage in health behaviors.
- Explains how a survey could be conducted to determine the beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of young women seeking pap tests.
- Explains that the model is circular, meaning clients can enter at any point, regress back, and move forward at varying rates. a survey should be conducted to determine the stages of contemplation.
- Explains that the aprn can utilize social cognitive theory in the educational forum. students need frequent access to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors that they are expected to learn.
- Cites armitage, c. j., and mhunpiew, n. t. on the transtheoretical model.
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- Health Belief Model: Condoms and Sexual Riskexplanatory essayThe key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the health belief model (hbm) is a psychosocial model that was developed during the 1950’s by social psychologists of the u.s. public health services.
- Explains that the key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception, behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy, and other variables.
- Explains the weaknesses of the hbme, including the fact that the health belief model only accounts for individual differences in beliefs and attitudes to predict health-related behaviors.
- Explains the best uses of the health belief model, which identifies constructs that lead to behaviors outcomes. the hbm is best used in influenza inoculations, seatbelt usage, exercise, nutrition, tay-sachs carrier status screening, high blood pressure
- Explains that the sample for this portfolio is about sexual risk teen pregnancy prevention by condoms. it will be made up of teens aged from 13 to 18 both males and females, with the lowest age being 13 years old.
- Explains that a four-point likert scale was used for the study, with values from 1 to 4.
- Opines that if one does not use a condom, they will be likely to become pregnant.
- Explains that condoms reduce pleasure during intercourse, show that they do not trust their partners, and can prevent pregnancy.
- Explains that condoms can prevent sexually transmitted infections, relieve premature ejaculation, and can be bought easily.
- Describes the self-efficacy of using condoms to prevent pregnancy.
- Describes the benefits of good health, such as work productivity and study ability. teens were likely to use condoms when they had sex because the overall health motivation was high.
- Analyzes how the perception of threat of an individual depends on the perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. teens believe that they are very likely to become pregnant if they do not use any condom during intercourse.
- Explains that the behavioral evaluation determined by perceived benefits and perceived barrier was also very high in case. the health evaluation was vey high, so it could increase the health motivation.
- Explains that the effective cures to action and the high self-efficacy in this case can increase the health-motivation.
- Explains that the threat perception, behavior evaluation, and self-efficacy are high, indicating that teens believe that they are very likely to become pregnant if they do not use any condom during sexual intercourse.
1459 wordsRead More - Health Promotion and Teaching as Tools for Nursingexplanatory essayAccording to Leddy & Pepper (1993), assumptions from the Health Belief Model include the following aspects:
In this essay, the author
- Opines that health promotion and teaching are important tools for nursing. by promoting health and health teaching, nurses can lay the foundation for a healthier future.
- Explains that efficacy expectation is a subconcept of expectancies, one's own competence to perform the behavior required to influence outcomes.
- Explains that behavior is regulated by its consequences, but only as those consequences are interpreted and understood by the client.
- Explains that man is an individual, holistic being, comprised of social, psychological, spiritual, and biological entities. his well-being is enhanced by nursing actions involving health promotion.
- Explains that health is a direct result of environmental factors and health teaching and promotion. it is important to incorporate the teaching process and recognize the different domains of learning to achieve effective, positive behavioral changes.
- Explains how nursing analyzes what type of nursing interventions would be most effective in modifying behavior. this can be guided by connecting three types of expectancies: environmental cues, outcome expectation, efficacy expectation and incentives.
- Explains that client-nurse transaction factors include past use of health services, perceived benefits, and barriers to promotion action. since environment is ever changing, it is necessary to continuously assess, plan, implement and evaluate.
- Explains that the health belief model, social cognitive theory, and the teaching process focuses on health promotion and teaching. man, health and environment are linked to this central theme.
- Explains that the health belief model and social cognitive theory can help the nurse analyze factors that contribute to man’s perceived state of health.
- Defines belief as a statement of sense, declared or implied, that is intellectually and/or emotionally accepted as true. attitude refers to the constant feeling, predisposition, or set of beliefs directed toward an object or situation.
- Explains behavioral diagnosis and the health belief model, a paradigm used to predict and explain health behavior based on value-expectancy theory.
- Explains the learning domains of information, skills, and attitudes needed to be taught to achieve the appropriate level of learning.
- Explains that affective learning is the recognition of values, religious and spiritual beliefs, family interaction patterns and relationships, and personal attitudes that influence decisions and problem-solving progress. teaching is a planned and purposeful activity that nurses use to increase the likelihood that individuals will learn.
- Explains that rosenstock's health belief model, bandura’s social cognitive theory, and the teaching process are major assumptions.
- Explains the client's perception of the severity of illness and its potential impact on his life, the benefits of actions, and the costs of action.
- Explains that the teaching process is a planned and purposeful activity that nurses use to increase the likelihood that individuals will learn.
- Explains that nursing is a profession needed by man to promote health with an outcome of enhancing man's perception of one’s health.
- Explains that health teaching in nursing practice: a professional model. edleman, c. l., & mandle.
1315 wordsRead More - The Health Belief Model (HBM)explanatory essayThe Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories of health behavior. It was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Services to better understand the widespread failure of tuberculosis screening programs. Today it continues to be one of the most widely used theories. Research studies use it to explain and predict health behaviors seen in individuals. There is a broad range of health behaviors and subject populations that it is applied in. The concepts in the model involve perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals being studied create an understanding of their readiness to act on a health/behavioral factor based on their particular opinions on selected conditions. Several modifying factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or level of education, etc. can determine one’s opinion on their perceived threat of obtaining a disease such as lung cancer based on the severity of the triggers causing the illness. Their likelihood to change an opinion or behavior depends on their perceived benefits or certain barriers that may be out of their control. Interventions can be used to promote health behavior changes and aid in persuading or increasing awareness on a particular issue.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the health belief model (hbm) is one of the first theories of health behavior. it was developed in the 1950s to better understand the failure of tuberculosis screening programs.
- Explains the study's limitations, which require further evidence and research to reveal how effective the training course is for realtors.
- Explains that s used the hbm theory to raise awareness in realtors who had little knowledge or different perceptions on lead prior to training.
811 wordsRead More - Health Belief Model Essayopinion essayAccording to Jane Ogden, “Health behaviours are regarded as any behaviour that is related to the health status of the individual.” These behaviours can have either a negative or positive impact on health. Behaviours which may have a positive impact include: working out daily at the gym, having regular dental check-ups or having a breast ultrasound to make sure there are no lumps in the breasts. Negative behaviours which impact health include: eating high sodium foods, refusing to visit a physician when ill and drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Prior to my readings on Heath Behaviours and Attitudes I never realised my husband I had negative behaviours which had the potential to impact our health outcomes. In this essay I will focus on these
In this essay, the author
- Explains that health behaviours can have either a negative or positive impact on health. they will focus on the psychological driver and deterrents that they observe in their husband and me.
- Opines that the only health professional they visit immediately is the dentist because they may have been experiencing toothache or didn't want to experience one as a result of the cavity.
- Narrates how they were diagnosed with chicken pox by their intelligent husband, who advised them to bathe with hot water and drink ginger tea.
- Narrates how they fell asleep for a couple hours before their husband woke them up and said he was experiencing slight discomfort in his back.
- Explains that self-diagnosing and self medicating behaviour is pervasive in our society. after slavery many of our ancestors would not have access to or could not afford to pay for medical care.
- Illustrates how their husband's health behaviour influenced their children. he insists on taking them to the doctor whenever they are ill.
- Narrates how their husband decided to take their daughter to a private medical facility while they stayed at home with their younger daughter. this saved her life as her paediatrician immediately realised she was allergic to penicillin.
- Analyzes how the health belief model (hbm) was developed to understand why people didn't use preventative services offered by public health departments in the 1950s.
- States that a study exploring the experiences of discrimination associated with mental health problems in ireland suggests that an individual's emotional and social environment influences their health outcomes.
- Opines that models of behaviour and beliefs as well as an individual's social, economic and emotional environment have to be analysed when trying to determine or understand health outcomes.
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- Describes work-related characteristics (nursing specialty, position, employment status, number of years working, perceived nurse staffing adequacy, etc.).
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- Asks whether it is always necessary to use ergonomic devices when lifting or transferring patients with limited mobility or passive patients.
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- Explains that the proposed health promotion plan would be directed at the detection and reduction of preventable causes of musculoskeletal injuries in the specific healthcare facility.
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In this essay, the author
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- Explains that the concept of person needs to be explored to go into further depth with the remaining concepts of the metaparadigm of nursing.
- Explains that environment is the place or community where the person is a part of. it is both internal and external to the client.
- Explains that the word health is ambiguous and each individual defines health in their own way depending on their situation. nurses need to acknowledge the client's thoughts about health and evaluate care plans to fit their needs.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that the health belief model is a mental health conduct change model created to clarify and anticipate health related practices, especially as to the uptake of wellbeing administrations.
- Explains the theory of reasoned action, where our practices result from our expectations to perform activities. an aim is a result of our disposition toward an activity and our convictions about what others may need us to do.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that nursing theories can be extremely helpful in nursing practice. the four concepts of the metaparadigm of nursing (person, environment, health, and nursing) are present in all theories.
- Explains that in order to successfully apply nursing theories, it is useful to know the patient’s specific health needs. m.r. has a rare cardiomyopathy called arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
- Explains that pender's health promotion model addresses m.r.’s needs by focusing on health promoting behaviors.
- Explains that they have collected assessment data based on the description of all the concepts in pender's health promotion model and have thought of interventions to address the assessments.
- Explains newman's systems model, which describes the client as a system of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual variables surrounded by innate resistance against stressors and two lines of defense.
- Argues that pender's theory and newman’s theories have similarities, but their goals are different.
- Explains that they share many beliefs, values, language, and cultural background with their patient, m.r.
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In this essay, the author
- Opines that americans' collective fear and anxiety of illness causes people to create their own illnesses/symptoms.
- Explains that many diseases and conditions in the united states are psychologically rooted because of mass media efforts to develop awareness of medical conditions or promote drug and treatment companies.
- Analyzes how drug and treatment ads scare the public by showing a sad woman to represent bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, and heart disease.
- Explains that people overreacting about their symptoms leads to anxiety and stress, both of which cause physical damage.
- Explains that medical conditions in america tend to be psychologically related due to a lack of positive belief.
- Explains that belief in god and revolving their lives around the concept of spreading goodness can have a great impact on physical well-being and optimism can result in better health.
- Argues that hiv, aids, ebola, the flu, colds, and ear infections are all diseases and conditions that can be traced to a common source.
- Opines that americans are purell addicts and vaccination kings, so why are they still suffering with chronic conditions?
- Concludes that some americans are suffering from this psychologically developed disease epidemic. there are ways to put a stop to this epidemic: the public must petition and rally to get rid of pharmaceutical ads.
1789 wordsRead More - Health Belief Model: Relationships Among Health Care Providersexplanatory essayUsing the Health Belief Model, this study was to describe relationships among health care providers’ perceived susceptibility, actual risk of skin cancer, and the use of sunscreen. The idea was that If health care providers understand their own susceptibility to skin cancer, then there’s an increased chance that they will be able to influence others’ perceptions of their skin cancer susceptibility through more awareness. According to the Health Belief Model, the reason for preventive behavior could be the information received from the health care provider. It would be beneficial to explore what information health care providers share with their patients concerning skin cancer prevention, and whether it affects the patient’s decision to use
In this essay, the author
- Explains the health belief model study to describe relationships between health care providers' perceived susceptibility, actual risk of skin cancer, and the use of sunscreen.
- Explains that frequencies, means, standard deviations, and percentages were used to examine the perceived susceptibility of health care providers to skin cancer. a weakness of the study was that more data on the population of 60 years and older was needed.
208 wordsRead More