In the foundation of nursing knowledge, there are four ways of knowing: Empirical, Personal, Ethical and Aesthetic (Hopp & Rittenmeyer, 2012).
The Empirical way relates to the science of nursing that uses laws and theories to predict the outcome (Carper, n.d.). A simple example of this occurred when caring for a patient with an edematous, painful left lower extremity that was warm with erythema noted from mid-calf down to the ankle. To predict the care and possible outcome, the nurse uses the knowledge of science to determine possible testing and causes for these symptoms. A notification to the physician is made and an ultrasound of the left lower leg is ordered. The results of the ultrasound indicate a deep vein thrombosis and the patient
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An example of this moral component is when caring for a patient with a poor quality of life and the durable power of attorney (DPOA) kept the patient alive for the purpose of receiving disability funds from the government. This patient had multiple admissions between two nearby hospitals due to respiratory failure and sepsis. Remaining on a ventilator, bedridden with multiple infected pressure ulcers, and unable to speak due to a brain injury made this patient’s quality of life very poor. When not hospitalized, the patient remained in a nearby nursing home with no family to care for him. The DPOA had multiple meetings with the ethics committee at two different hospitals due to the nurses’ concerns. As a nurse caring for this patient, it became very difficult to communicate with the DPOA because any discussion in regards to quality of life created an intense reaction by the DPOA. The intervention of Advocating for the patient due to this unethical event displays the knowledge in the moral way of knowing because ethics are based on the justness, rightness and being responsible (Mantzorou & Mastrogiannis, 2011). Sadly, keeping this patient alive for the sole purpose of making money was unjust and
The first way of knowing identified by Carper (1978) is empirics. This is the most familiar to nurses and nursing students alike. This type of knowledge is gained through proving something correct or incorrect.
Still, major concern with boundary crossing in treatment is the potential, differential between therapists, and clients and how therapists may use or abuse the power. Therapist are hired for their professional expertise, which consequently gives them an expert- based power over their clients (Zur, 2007, p. 47). Husted could have asked herself should I cross this boundary (i.e., is it ethical to keep a “secret” of into a relationship with a client) or what are the opportunities plus advantages of carrying out rather not carrying out the sexual performance (risk of either accepting or rejecting of the client).
McIntyre, M. & McDonald, C. (2014). Nursing Philosophies, Theories, Concepts, Frameworks, and Models. In Koizer, B., Erb, G., Breman, A., Snyder, S., Buck, M., Yiu, L., & Stamler, L. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Canadian nursing (3rd ed.). (pp.59-74). Toronto, Canada: Pearson.
This paper is about my experience not just in nursing but also in life that is applicable in the five ways of knowing, which are Personal, Empirical, Esthetics, Ethical , and Personal Knowing by Carper and Emancipator by Chin and Kramer and are defined by Brugger & Madison (2017) as:
Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., & Lynn, P. (2011). Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Laabs, C. (2011). Perception of moral integrity: contractions in need of explanation. Nursing Ethics, 18(3). doi: 10.1177/0969733011398101
The article was complicated, but it helped address the learning patterns and what a nurse needs to know in their practice to better themselves and provide the best care for a patient. By acknowledging the patient as a person, applying science based practice, using artful skills, and ethically providing care to a patient, the nurse extends their patterns of knowing and forms their knowledge base.
The fundamental patterns of knowledge were first identified by Barbara Carper (1978), and included empirical, personal, ethical, and aesthetic knowing. According to Zander (2007), Carper sought to develop a holistic, individualistic, therapeutic model of practice which could be utilized to structure nursing education, and evaluate nursing practice. The addition of emancipatory knowing by Chinn and Kramer followed in 2008. These patterns of knowledge have shown to be very beneficial, if not crucial to the nursing profession. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in depth explanation of aesthetics, and its importance in nursing. A detailed scenario of esthetic nursing will be included. This
Nurses use evidence based practice and research to develop knowledge needed to practice in the nursing profession. Nurses use practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge in the many roles that nurses perform. As a provider of care and manager of care, nurses should use evidence based practice, research, and theoretical knowledge to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient. Lifelong education in nursing is necessary to keep up with the changes in nursing practice and to reinforce ethical knowledge and the core values that nurses use in their everyday practice. The professional value of caring as a nurse is one of the most important values. The caring attitudes of nurses will carry over to all other values that nurses should possess,
These views imply that real life experiences test theoretical foundation, allowing for an individual to gain what is referred to as practical knowledge. This knowledge consists of a combination between theory and practice, allowing for a more holistic approach to patient care. Benner credits her differentiation of “knowing how” and “knowing that” to the ideals of philosophers Kuhn and Polyani. The premise of “knowing how” is related to nursing practice, whereas the basis for “knowing that” is associated with nursing theory. Due to the complex circumstances surrounding different clinical situations, theory alone would be inadequate for providing proficient patient care. Because of this, the importance of examining nurse practice is invaluable to further the development of nursing theory (Alligood,
Parker M. E., & Smith M. C. (2010). Nursing theories and nursing practice (3rd ed.).
... middle of paper ... ... Fawcett, J. & Fawcett, J. (2000). The 'Secondary' of the 'Second Analysis and evaluation of contemporary nursing knowledge: Nursing models and theories.
To make good nursing decisions, nurses require an internal roadmap with knowledge of nursing theories. Nursing theories, models, and frameworks play a significant role in nursing, and they are created to focus on meeting the client’s needs for nursing care. According to McEwen and Wills (2014), conceptual models and theories could create mechanisms, guide nurses to communicate better, and provide a “systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict” about nursing and its practice (p. 25). Most of the theories have some common concepts; others may differ from one theory to other. This paper will evaluate two nursing theorists’ main theories include Sister Callista Roy’s
One of the most notorious saying we grow up to know and embody is one that concerns are greatest possession, are family. “Family comes first no matter what, because at the end of the day they are the ones who are always there”. To most this is means to do anything possible to provide and protect our loved ones. If thrown into a situation, could you practice what you preach?! Society has guided us to believe that stealing is wrong but when placed in the footsteps, could one think differently. For every situation moral theories is used as to explain rather an action was right or wrong. It is depicted as being wrong in society but society never thinks about the normal people and their life. Society believes stealing bread to feed a starving family is wrong and immoral, as they look at as the concept of stealing, not the bigger picture. Normal people see it as a means of supporting as they are the ones in the footsteps being walked. For this reason stealing bread to feed your starving family is moral.
Knowing Persons in Nursing. In M. Parker, & M. C. Smith, Nursing Theories & Nursing