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Recommended: Pay gap between genders essay

For traditional gender role, women are viewed as primarily wives and mothers who have underpinned the welfare state (Browne, 2006). Nowadays, Women have higher levels of education, therefore the inequality should decline and the society seems to have a symmetrical equality in the division of work between men and women. However, the inequality still exists and the gender wage gap remains unchanged in some places such as Canada (Oakley, 2002). In 2012, the gender pay difference for both full-time and part-time employees based on median hourly earnings decreased to 19.7% while it was 20.2% in 2011. This was a narrowing of around 8% while it was 27.5% in 1997 (ONS, 2013). The women’s employment inequalities base on the pay, part-time work, horizontal and vertical segregation. This essay is going to talk about and analyse the existing inequalities for female employees by stating different theories and giving examples and statistics from different aspects.
The functionalist Parson argued that the ‘expressive’ role of childcare suits women naturally (Haralambos, 2004). The majority of women are working part-time, in order to interrupt for childrearing (Browne, 2006). Some economists supported the human capital theory; and claimed that the lack of commitment for women is the main reason of the drawbacks that they suffer in the labour market (Haralambos, 2004). Since women have less incentive to take lengthy training programmes; therefore they have less value to employers compared to those highly-trained male. The lack of training, experience and qualifications make women can hardly look for better-paid and higher-status jobs (Haralambos, 2004).
However, the theory was being criticized that ignored the causes of gender inequality. Witz arg...

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...mitment and this is also the reason of their low pays. There are marriage career and career women. Those married women will transfer to work part-time and undemanding jobs because of the fewer responsibilities and convenient working hours, although they involve a lower pay. Besides, Hakim argues that child care responsibilities lead to the extension of part time work; therefore, it is not the main reason affecting the work for women.

Women in the labour market usually do jobs which similar to domestic tasks like teaching and child caring. Crompton and Sanderson argue that in the labour market, there are structural features interact with the individuals making individual decisions about their lives. The choices for peoples are being shaped but not to determine by the structure of the labour market.

To sum up, gender inequalities still exist in workplaces. Although

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