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Aphasia
What is Aphasia?
Aphasia is the impairment of spoken or written language caused by injury to the brain. It is also commonly referred to as Dysphasia. There are several different categories and many different types of Aphasia.
What causes Aphasia?
Aphasia is usually the result of a brain tumor, lesion, stroke, or severe blow to the head. Right-handed people can only acquire Aphasia if they have an injury in the left cerebral hemisphere, whereas left-handed people can quire Aphasia from an injury in either the right or left cerebral hemisphere. Therefor, left-handed people are more prone to getting Aphasia.
Categories of Aphasia
There are several different systems for categorizing Aphasia. The more common one consists of two broad classifications: Broca's and Wernickes. In Broca's, the patient normally understands speech fairly well, but has difficulty in retrieving words and has hence naming objects or expressing themselves.
In Wernickes, the patient normally produces fluent but incomprehensible speech, or jargon, and comprehends poorly the speech of others.
The other systems places all types of Aphasia in categories labeled fluent and nonfluent. In fluent, the patient usually has a normal rate of speech without the hesitations or pauses common in nonfluent. Generally, people whose type of Aphasia falls under the fluent category have difficulty comprehending speech. In nonfluent, the patient usually produces effortful, telegraphic style speech marked by pauses. The ability of these patients to understand speech is usually good.
Types of Aphasia
There are many different types of Aphasia. Some of them are:
Global Aphasia: This is the most severe form of A...
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... remember certain automatic responses, like naming the days of the week, counting, and social responses, like please and thank you.
The most common characteristic in Aphasia is difficulty in naming.
Statistics
About one million people in the United States have Aphasia. The majority of these people have the disease as the result of a stroke. About one third of people with severe head injuries have it. It is estimated that about 80,000 people worldwide acquire aphasia each year. Most people who get it are in their middle to late years, although anyone can.
History of Aphasia
The earliest written references to speechlessness due to trauma can be found in the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher Hypocrites. It has only been in the past 20 years that scientists have been able to do productive research on Aphasia and its origins.
Wernicke's Aphasia occurs from damage to the superior temporal gyrus and affects language comprehension, while speech production is unaffected, which is why it is referred to as "fluent aphasia." Wernicke's patients produce speech fluently, but it is mostly nonsensical speech and have trouble understanding what is being told to them. Unlike Broca's Aphasia patients, they are not aware of their speech problems.
It is more basic and more widespread than traditional phonics programs. A primary cause of decoding and spelling problems is with the challenge of judging sounds within words. This is called phonemic awareness. Weak phonemic awareness causes individuals to add, omit, substitute and reverse sounds and letters within words. Many children and adults experience the symptoms of weak phonemic awareness. This causes weakness
While the early neurological model of language broke away from the ideas of phrenology and offered a new framework for neuropsychological research, it had numerous shortcomings. It was not able to account for the fact that people with Broca’s aphasia (also known as non-fluent, expressive or agrammatic aphasia) had a variety of ostensibly diverse impairments or that some people with focal Broca’s area damage did not show agrammatic aphasia (Bookheimer, 2002).
Wernicke’s Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects one’s comprehension, therefore affecting language of both written and spoken language. Wernicke’s Aphasia is also known as fluent aphasia because individuals that have this disorder usually, for the most part, can typically express themselves using syntax and grammar but have a hard time doing it meaningfully through speech. Physiologically, when they speak, they do not realize that their speech is usually grammatically incorrect and lacks meaning behind it. People with this disorder have a hard time with auditory processing, fluently speaking, and poor repetition of what was previously said to them. Anatomically speaking, when one has Wernicke’s Aphasia this typically means that there
Aphasia is an acquired communication disorder that disrupts communication and it can deteriorate a person’s coping potential and quality of life (Parr, 2001) which involve damage to the parts of brain that contain language (ASHA, 2013). Statistics from United States indicated around 25-40% of stroke survivors developed aphasia (National Association of Aphasia, NAA, 2013). Aphasia will affect both the ability to produce or comprehend spoken language and written language while intelligence is left intact (NAA, 2013). In US, it is found that the most common cause of aphasia is stroke (85%) and others including Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), brain tumor or other degenerative diseases (NAA, 2013).
Aphasia can be defined as a disorder that is caused by damage to parts of the brain that are responsible for language (“Aphasia” n.p.). Wernicke’s aphasia is a type of fluent aphasia (with the other type being nonfluent). It is named after Carl Wernicke who described the disorder as “an amnesiac disorder characterized by fluent but disordered speech, with a similar disorder in writing, and impaired understanding of oral speech and reading” (“Wernicke’s” n.p.). Wernicke’s aphasia can also be known as sensory aphasia, fluent aphasia, or receptive aphasia. It is a type of aphasia that is caused by damage to Wernicke’s area in the brain, in the posterior part of the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere. This area of the brain contains motor neurons responsible for the understanding of spoken language and is believed to be the receptive language center (“Rogers” n.p.). Wernicke’s aphasia can be most efficiently defined as a fluent language disorder commonly caused by strokes and characterized by difficulty comprehending spoken language and producing meaningful speech and writing which is both assessable by an SLP and treatable by a variety of methods.
aphasia. Aphasia is either a brain injury or disease that causes an impairment of language.
Dyslexia is a language based learning disorder that is grounded in the neurobiology of the brain. The disorder interferes with the processing and comprehension of both spoken and written language. Often there are other associated symptoms such as poor spelling, writing, handwriting and occasionally arithmetic (1). People do not read or write backwards as is depicted by the media. Nor is it a disorder of laziness or lack of intelligence.
Dyslexia is a very common learning disorder that affects more than three million cases reported every year. It can also be referred to as a language based learning disability. Dyslexia is a disability that impairs one’s ability (usually identified in children) to read and interpret different letters/words. It cannot be cured and is generally a lifelong condition but can be treated with therapists/specialists. This disorder does not translate to poor individual intelligence, just simply an individual that struggles in an area of learning. More often than not, this disability can be self diagnosed by an adult. This disorder is the most common learning disability in American children. Although, scientists cannot pinpoint the percentage of children
The intended purpose of the application paper is to introduce dyslexia, a neurologically based learning disability. The paper identifies the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dyslexia as a learning disability and provides a neurological basis for the disorder. Dyslexia is defined as a reading and writing disorder, unexplained by any deficits in learning motivation, intelligence or sensitivity. Dyslexia is a disorder that is found to have changes in parts of the brain as well as significant differences in DNA. With treatment and management dyslexia has the potential to be improved and allow the individual normal functioning reading and writing skills. Dyslexia is a learning disability with many complicated factors and symptoms that can cause an individual problems in their educational career.
"My most valuable tool is words, the words I can now use only with difficulty. My voice is debilitated - mute, a prisoner of a communication system damaged by a stroke that has robbed me of language," stated A. H. Raskins, one of approximately one million people in the United States who suffer from aphasia (1), a disorder which limits the comprehension and expression of language. It is an acquired impairment due to brain injury in the left cerebral hemisphere. The most common cause of aphasia is a stroke, but other causes are brain tumors, head injury, or other neuralgic illnesses. Of the estimated 400,000 strokes which occur a year, approximately 80,000 of those patients develop some form of aphasia (2). Another important observation is that within the United States, there are twice as many people with aphasia as there are individuals with Parkinson's disease (2). Yet, what is so astounding is the lack of public awareness about aphasia. Aphasia attacks an intricate part of a person's daily life - the simple act of communication and sharing. The disbursement of such a tool deprives an individual of education learned through their life, often leaving the ill fated feeling hopeless and alone. In considering the effects of aphasia, a deeper analysis of the two most common forms of aphasia will be examined: Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. While both forms occur usually as a result of a stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain, their particular site of impairment produces different side effects in an individual's comprehension and speech. These regions have been further studied through experimental researches such as positron emission tomography (PET). Moreover, although there is currently no cure for the disorder, there are treatments and certain guidelines to follow when encountering an aphasic.
Salonen, L. (2013). L. S. Vygotsky 's psychology and theory of learning applied to the rehabilitation of aphasia: A developmental and systemic view. Aphasiology, 27(5), 615-635. doi:10.
Dyslexia is a disorder that affects all forms of communication, spoken and written. People with Dyslexia have trouble with reading fluently, and may also have difficulties with language and verbal comprehension. Dyslexia is a common learning disability that can be treated, and the sooner it is diagnosed, the more favourable the outcome tends to be.
In this world, humans and animals alike have come to communicate by using various mechanisms. Humans have advanced themselves beyond other organisms by using language, or a set of codes and symbols, in order to express themselves to others. Language has brought about a means to create new thoughts, to explore, and to analyze our everyday surroundings. It has also enabled us to retain past memories and to look deep into the advances for the future. However, for some individuals, this tool for communication has been plagued by a language and speech disorders, such as aphasia. Aphasia is the loss of the ability to speak or understand speech or written language. It is often detected at an early age, and contributes to the general class of speech and language disorders affecting "5% of school aged children" (1) . Aphasia is classified into three categories. The main two are receptive or sensory aphasia and expressive or motor aphasia. Receptive aphasia affects the input side and "the ability to understand spoken or written language may be partially or totally lost" (1) . Those with expressive aphasia "can speak but not find certain words or names, or may be totally unable to communicate verbally or by writing" (1) . For a majority of affected individuals, there is a combination of the two. The third type is conduction aphasia. This "involves disruption of transmission between the sensory and motor ends of the circuit" (1) . Here, individuals are able to produce speech despite the lack of connections to the input side. It seems that the ability to speak has a lot to do with your surroundings and how much emphasis was placed on developing this skill during the first few years after birth. Afterall, it's known that the first few years are critical because this is the time when the brain is "plastic" and is rapidly changing and being molded. By the time that adolescence is reached, the brain has become "less plastic". In this paper, I would like to explore theories proposed to try to understand the origins of this impairment.
Dyslexia is a disability that has many different facets that are unique to each individual, partially due to the varying degrees of severity; however, there are many common symptoms and characteristics of this disability that allow for classification. According to Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary (2009), “Dyslexia is manifested by an