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Affect of concentration on rate of reaction
Importance of safety in the laboratory / workplace
Affect of concentration on rate of reaction
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An experiment to find out how changing the concentration of acid
affects the rate of reaction
Planning
Aim:
I am to find out how changing the concentration of the hydrochloric
acid (HCL) affects the rate of reaction. The hydrochloric acid will be
reacting with marble chips (small, medium, large).
During my experiment I will be changing one variable. This will be the
concentration of the acid. I will use the concentration of HCL from
0.5 molar/dm3 to 3.0 molar/dm3. I will use 3grams of marble chips for
every size of chip. By doing this I will find out if the rate of
reaction is quicker or slower using a different concentration of acid.
The equation I will be using is:
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H20 (l) + CO2 (g)
Calcium Hydrochloric
Calcium Water Carbon
Carbonate Acid
Chloride Dioxide
Method
Firstly I must get the correct equipment and assemble it safely and
correctly. To do this I will fill a water tray half full with water.
Then I will collect 3g medium chips. I will measure 30cm3 of
hydrochloric acid. I will connect the delivery tube to the measuring
cylinder which is turned over which will be full with water. This is
shown on my diagram. I will begin timing using a stopwatch and record
the results every 10 seconds for 1 minute. I will use 0.5molar/dm3 to
3.0molar/dm3 of hydrochloric acid and record 3 sets of results and
then I will take an average.
Fair Test
In order to make my experiment safe I will change only one thing. I
will be changing the concentration of the acid. Everything else will
remain the same through out the experiment. I will use the same
equipment and do the experiment during the same lesson where I can.
This can be important because room temperature can increase the rate
of reaction. The temperature could be higher on a certain day and
affect my results.
Background Information
Rates of Reaction
* Increasing the temperature increases the rate of a chemical
reaction.
* Some chemical reactions are fast and others are slow. A fast
reaction could be a rocket exploding, and a slow reaction is metal
rusting.
* Rates of reaction can be measured by finding out how quickly a
product is formed or how quickly a reactant is used up.
* Examples of measuring reaction rates include measurement of the
volume of gas formed, and measurement of the loss in mass when a
gas is given off.
How does surface area affect a chemical reaction?
If one of the reactants is a solid, the surface area of the solid will
CL-, as the ions of H+ and OH- react to form H2O. These spectator ions
There were many things that I learned in Module 7 . Some of them where: what is the difference between an acid and a base; what is pH; what is equilibrium, what is Le Châtelier’s principle; and what is oxidation. Here are some of the things that I learned in lesson 07.01 (Acids and Bases) and lesson 07.02 (Acid-Base Reactions).
The reason I believe this is that chemical reactions occur when particles of the reacting substances collide. Increasing the number of the particles increases the number of collisions per second and this increases the reaction rate. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate you can increase the number of particles in two ways. The first of these is to increase the surface area of the calcium carbonate.
I think this because as the surface area increases, the speed of the reaction will increase therefore the gas will be produced faster. I believe this because most chemical reactions happen faster when there is more of the reactant to react with. When there is a larger surface area, there is more of the reactant available, which makes it easier for them to react together. Usually, when the surface area is doubled it will double the rate of reaction.
The world around us is composed of all acids and bases including the ones in air and water. As humans, we come into contacts with acids and bases each day. For example, vinegar, lemon juice and vitamin C are acids that are used everyday. Testing the pH is important at it determines whether the substance is a strong or weak acid/base. Indicators such as methyl orange, bromothymol blue and litmus are examples of indicators that are used to test the pH of swimming pools as acids from the human body and acid rain could change the pH in the pool. Also, they are used to test the pH of aquarium water and ensure that the pH doesn't exceed or fall below the pH ranges that fish can survive in. A typical fish can have better quality life in pH ranges between 7.0 and 8.0.
Surface area of solid - The surface area has an effect on the rate of
· When I have collected my results I will place them in a table like
Neutralization Experiment AIM:- To investigate how heat is given out in neutralizing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using different concentrations of Hydrochloric Acid. Background Information:- Substances that neutralize acids are called alkalis. An acid is a substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+ ) when placed in water. It can also be described as a proton donor as it provides H+ ions. An example of an acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) etc.
[3] K. Mori; H. Yamada; S. Takizawa, “System on Chip Age”. VLSI Technology, Systems, and Applications. Proceedings of Technical Papers. 1993
Moor’s Law: The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months. (Moore, 1965)
the left so that the concentration of H is more than Me and so the
has on the rate of reaction. I will do this by recording the time it
And the symbol equation for it is:. Na2S2O3 + 2HCl, S + SO2 + 2Na + H2O. Before conducting my experiment, I will research into, amongst other things, the factors that affect the rate of a reaction. This is so that I may have enough information to understand the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction and also gain appropriate understanding to make a suitable prediction as to what the outcome of my experiment will be. Reactions occur when the particles of reactants collide together continuously.
Processor speeds are measured in megahertz (MHz) and now come in speeds of up to 1000 MHz (1 GHz), which is very fast. This is almost ten times faster than the speed of most home computers, which average from 133 MHz to 166 MHz. Intel and AMD have been in a race to break the 1 GHz speed barrier, and the number of megahertz in the newest processors is not as significant as it was in earlier processors. For example, the difference between a 133 MHz processor and a 166 MHz processor is
The rate of reaction is how quickly or slowly reactants in chemical reactants turn into products. A low reaction rate is when the reaction takes a long time to take place; hence, a reaction that occurs quickly has a high reaction rate. A rate refers to how slow or quick the product is produced. It is possible to control the rate of chemical reactions and speed up or slow down the rate of chemical reactions by altering three main factors which are temperature, concentration and the surface area. When the temperature of the reactants increases, the molecules vibrate at a more intense speed therefore colliding with each other more frequently and with increased energy resulting in a greater rate of reaction. Accordingly, as the temperature decreases the molecules will move slower, colliding less frequently and with decreased energy resulting in the rate of reaction decreasing. Concentration is how much solute is dissolved into a solution and is also a factor that affects the rate of reaction. When the concentration is greater this means there is an increased amount of reactant atoms and molecules resulting in a higher chance that collisions between molecules will occur. A higher collision rate means a higher reaction rate. Consequently at lower concentrations there are reduced chances of the molecules colliding resulting in a lower reaction rate. The measurement of how much an area of a solid is exposed is called the surface area. The quicker a reaction will occur the more finely divided the solid is. For example, a powdered solid will usually have a greater rate of reaction in comparison to a solid lump that contains the same mass for it has a lower surface area than the powdered solid.