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Discrimination in the united states
Equal pay act critical analysis
Equal pay act critical analysis
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The American government takes affirmative action very seriously as demonstrated in the methods it has implemented to combat discrimination in the workplace. Although it can be argued when affirmative action actually emerged, the government’s efforts to protect the rights of all American citizens with regard to employment began in 1941. President Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) when A. Phillip Randolph, president and founder of one of the most powerful black labor unions, threatened to organize a mass march on Washington D.C. if Roosevelt did not take action on behalf of black workers. It was the responsibility of the FEPC to increase the number of black citizens employed by defense contractors. The commission continued its efforts throughout World War II and then was eliminated.
President Truman signed Executive Order 9980 in 1948. This order created the Fair Employment Board within the Civil Service Commission. It was the purpose of this commission to increase the employment of minorities within the federal government. Although the board was very idealistic, there was also a great deal of politics involved. The board was terminated soon after President Eisenhower took office.
While holding office as vice president in 1961, Lyndon B. Johnson expressed a great deal of interest in the economic flourish of black Americans. He asked a black attorney from Detroit, Hobart Taylor Jr., to assist him in drafting an executive order to present to President Kennedy for his signature. Executive Order 10925 “required federal contractors to take “affirmative action” to hire more minority employees” (Darien A. McWhirter, pg.31). This order created the Presidential Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity. While Executive Order 10925 was a step in the right direction, it had limitations. President Kennedy knew that congressional action would increase civil rights efforts. Kennedy passed the Equal Pay Act in 1963. This act demanded equal pay for equal work, prohibiting women from being paid less than men for the same work. In addition to the Equal Pay Act, “he also proposed sweeping civil rights legislation, which southerners managed to bottle up in committee”(Melvin I. Urofsky, pg.17). Before he could continue his efforts for civil rights, Kennedy was assassinated. In memorial, Lyndon Johnson urged passage of the Civil Rights act of 1964 ...
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... legal action in this case. In Lorance v. AT&T, the issue was that a union contract was changed to reduce the seniority f a group of women employed by AT&T. Although they had a legitimate argument, the Supreme Court rued against them claiming that they waited too long to file their case. In the fifth and final court case, Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, A black woman by the name of Brenda Patterson filed charges of racial harassment against her employer. The decision was to be made if she could sue under the civil rights act passed after the civil war and receive more damages, or would she be required to settle for the provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The court ruled that she was stuck with the 1964 Act. When President Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the decisions in all but one of these cases were either modified or overturned. The act gave more protection to the rights of victims of employment discrimination.
Although the fight for equality in everyday society sometimes seems like a relentless battle, it is apparent that the government is striving toward equality in the workplace by demanding employers to conform to the laws that it has established.
A 55 year old patient was admitted to the inpatient unit from a hospice facility at 4:00 in the afternoon on April 1st, 2015. The patient has end stage pancreatic cancer with liver and bone metastasis. The unit nurse noted foul smelling loose stools upon the patient’s arrival. After 24 hours and three loose stools, a Clostridium toxin assay test was performed and the patient has tested positive for Clostridium difficile toxin (Elsevier, 2015). Today,
On January 16, 1883 the U.S. legislation established a law, which gave employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation that leads to corruption in the government system. Widespread public demand for reform in the government was stirred after the Civil War by accusations of incompetence, corruption, and theft in federal departments. After a guy who was refused an office job that he was capable of assassinated President James A. Garfield in 1881, civil service reform became a leading issue in the elections of 1882. In January 1883, Congress passed a comprehensive civil service bill sponsored by Senator George H. Pendleton, providing for the open selection of government employees and guaranteeing the right of citizens to compete for federal jobs without regard to politics, religion, race, or national origin. The new law covered only about 10 percent of the positions in the federal government, but nearly every president after Chester A. Arthur, who signed the bill into law, broadened its scope. By 1980 more than 90 percent of federal employees were protected by the act.
"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the single most important piece of legislation that has helped to shape and define employment law rights in this country (Bennett-Alexander & Hartman, 2001)". Title VII prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, age, gender, disability, religion and national origin. However, it was racial discrimination that was the moving force of the law that created a whirlwind of a variety of discriminations to be amended into Title VII. Title VII was a striving section of legislation, an effort which had never been tried which made the passage of the law an extremely uneasy task. This paper will discuss the evolution of Title VII as well as the impact Title VII has had in the workforce.
The Executive Order No. 8802 (doc 15) stated, “it is the policy of the United States to encourage full participation in the national defense program by all citizens of the United States, regardless of race, creed, color, or national origin, in the firm belief that the democratic way of life within the Nation can be defended successfully only with the help and support of all groups within its borders.” This order ensured African Americans that everything possible was being done to end discrimination in the workplace. Therefore, the willingness of the Roosevelt Administration to recognize the existence of a racial problem in America and how they managed to ameliorate that problem, was unprecedented. The New Deal did not end the Great Depression, many were still living in poverty and were unemployed despite the new jobs being offered.
Clostridium Difficile (C. difficile) is a bacteria-related gastrointestinal infection that is caused (etiology) by the use of antibiotics therapy or exposure to the C. difficile spores (Swartz, 2013). According to published reports compiled by the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), National Safety Network (NHSN), and the Center for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), the rate of CDI have a major financial impact (costs associated with medical management of CDI) on health care institution across the United States. CDI is major concern for hospital administrators and patients at Sharp Grossmont Hospital (SGH) and other in hospitals within the Sharp Healthcare Network (SHN). According to data released by CPDH and the CDC, from January to December 2012 three hospitals within the (SHN) reported 136 new cases of CDI. Statistical data also show that 20,000 to 34,000 patients were admitted or readmitted to the hospitals for recurrent complications related to CDI such as electrolyte imbalance, nutrition deficits, and systemic bacteremia (CDPH, 2013).
Victor Frankenstein’s monster educates himself which shapes the role of his character in the novel. The monster receives the majority of his education through watching humans speak and the actions they portray. He finds books in the woods, including Paradise Lost and reads them. The story of the monster can somewhat be related to the reading from our textbook, “The Mis-Education of the Negro” by Carter G. Woodson. Several sources go about in different angles about the monster’s education. A blog about Frankenstein, The Monster of Literary Theory, mostly discusses the monster’s education through a literary sense by reading. Another source from a University of Pennsylvania English website talks about Mary Shelley and how the monster learns from observation, not just texts. The monster is abandoned and left uneducated. He goes about on his own to give himself an education through reading and the observation of others. The story of the monster can be compared to many realities that this world has faced over many years. He is said to be an evil monster because of his actions, but how would he really know what evil really is without the proper education?
During World War II alone, Joseph Stalin killed an estimated 20 to 60 million people. Born in the late 1870s, Stalin began his rise to power at 43, and by 45 had betrayed Vladimar Lenin to eventually become the leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin was a cruel man, even killing an artist for not potraying him as he wanted to be. He also made considerable use of the Communist International movement in order to keep other Communist parties pro-Stalin and pro-Soviet. Stalin, today, is seen as one of the most sadistic leaders in the past century, even surpassing Adolf Hitler to some people. Joseph Stalin is the man who turned the Soviet Union from a backward country into a world superpower at unimaginable human cost.
Joseph Stalin was a very cruel leader. His reign of terror led to many deaths. He used violence to get rid of anyone or anything that would oppose him. The killing Stalin initiated was bad for the economy at times, because he killed many farmers, and they were unable to provide enough crops for the nation. Overall, Stalin was a ruthless leader that felt no sympathy for the people he ruled.
In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act to end racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accommodations In 1965, congress returned suffrage to black southerners, by passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Foner 926). In the case of Loving v. Virginia (1967), the Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional (Foner 951). Because of the civil rights movement in the sixties, minorities gained more rights than they had prior to the 1960s. While the 1960s were a time of advancement for minorities, it was also a time of advancement for women. In 1963, Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, which outlawed discrimination in the workplace based on a person’s gender (Foner 944).
Signed in an executive order by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity was created to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias. Three years later, President Lyndon Johnson presented the Civil Rights Act in 1964 prohibiting discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin (Wang & Shulruf, 2012). Later that same year, President Johnson gave a commencement speech attempting to give an ethical response to the losses both materially and mentally to the African-Americans in slavery in the United States (Chace, 2011). Within the later years of the 1960s, higher education institution administrators, in an effort to boost under-represented groups of minorities, introduced the affirmative action concept into the admissions processes (Wang & Shulruf, 2012).
Joseph Stalin became leader of the USSR after Lenin’s death in 1924. Lenin had a government of abstemious communist government. When Stalin came into government he moved to a radical communist society. He moved away from the somewhat capitalist/communist economy of Lenin time to “modernize” the USSR. He wanted to industrialize and modernize USSR. He had overworked his workers, his people were dying, and most of them in slave labor camps. In fact by doing this Stalin had hindered the USSR and put them even farther back in time.
Among hospitalized patients around the world, Clostridium difficile is the primary source of infectious diarrhea. Previously, continuously unbalanced intestinal microbiota, usually due to antimicrobials, was deemed a precondition of developing the infection. However, recently, there have been alterations in the biology from virtually infecting the elderly population exclusively, wherein the microbiota in their guts have been interrupted by antimicrobials, to currently infecting individuals within of all age groups displaying no recent antimicrobial use. Furthermore, recent reports have confirmed critical occurrences among groups previously assumed to be of minimal risk—pregnant women, children, and individuals with no previous exposure to antimicrobials, for instance. Unfortunately, this Gram-positive, toxin-producing anaerobic bacterium is estimated to cost US critical care facilities $800 million per year at present, suggesting the need for effective measures to eliminate this nosocomial infection (Yakob, Riley, Paterson, & Clements, 2013).
Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality and integration. The passage of this Act, while forever altering the relationship between blacks and whites, remains as one of history’s greatest political battles.
At the start of the 20th century, Russia began to rapidly change. The Czarist autocracy that was previously in place was overthrown and the most influential family, the Romanovs, were no more. The Russian Revolution was soon in full swing and people were needed to take charge. One of the leader who emerges as a result of this is Joseph Stalin. Starting out as a simple countryside peasant, he quickly rose to a position of power. Eventually reaching the position of dictator, he implemented new policies that would further industrialize Russia as well as further progressing his goal of having total control over the Russian people. These policies include his 5-year plans as well as the creation of a totalitarian state. Joseph Stalin is, by many, considered one of the most ruthless leaders in the history of the world.
According to Corley, Reed, Shedd, and Morehead, (2001) “the most important statue eliminating discriminatory employment practices, however, is the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act o 1972 and the Civil Rights Act of 1991.” The appropriation section o...