Both investigations into the cancer clusters at ABC Toowong and the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) followed sound principles of studying clusters with similar conclusions. However, the ABC building was abandoned while the NGA remains open. Considering the methodical investigations and the evidence uncovered, I propose that both sites should have remained open.
Cancer cluster investigations should not be undertaken as an exclusively scientific study. Their social element is unmistakable in the media coverage of many clusters. This component was not addressed in the initial investigation performed by Queensland Health on the breast cancer cluster at ABC Toowong. They undertook a standard epidemiological study and, by focussing their interviews
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The rate of breast cancer was found to be much higher (six times higher) than the general population. Initially, the probability of the calculation was found to be 1 in a million but was later adjusted to roughly 1 in 25. However, the statistics used to calculate these probabilities are not foolproof (see Q1). As the use of statistics in cancer clusters is questionable, it is more appropriate to focus on exposures. After a thorough examination, the investigators uncovered no convincing exposures to explain the high rate of breast cancer, both in the workplace or personal risk factors. Although unknown exposures cannot be discounted, it is likely the high rate occurred by chance rather than by a workplace related exposure. To provide further evidence, cancer rates in other ABC workplaces in the country, which would have similar exposure profiles, were calculated and found to be no higher than the general population. Clearly, the evidence uncovered did not suggest a harmful workplace exposure and, therefore, did not warrant the closure of the building. This reaction was probably linked with the initial dissatisfaction of the employees and the media storm and misinformation that accompanied the
I think the chapter that helps to support her main point the most is chapter four titled “Space.” In this chapter, she discussed a great deal about the geographic distribution of cancer as well as the environment of the people who are more likely to get cancer. This includes: job type, living location, and living surroundings. To expand on each, she states that workers with
Antwone serves as a Petty Officer in the United States Navy. He is single and heterosexual, with no children. Antwone was referred to the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet Medical Center for psychiatric evaluation, after pleading guilty to assault on a superior, non-commissioned officer. As a result of his physical aggression, he was demoted from ships serviceman Petty Officer, third class, to ships serviceman Seaman. Antwone has a history of physical aggression and poor impulse control. Antwone was referred for three sessions of psychiatry service for assessment of physical aggression, anger management, and supportive treatment. At the end of treatment, a recommendation by Dr. Davenport will be submitted to Antwone’s commanding officer, for the purpose of determining reinstatement to active duty. Antwone sees no need for evaluation and states that the cause of physical assault was a result of racial remarks by the victim. Antwone’s attitude towards fighting is stated in his words, “It’s the only way some people learn.”
The sector which cancer research operate in is quaternary and tertiary, this is due to the fact that they do research for cures of different types, and they also operate within the tertiary sector which means they sell the clothes in the charity shops.
The Mabo case was a legal case held in 1992. It was named after an Aboriginal man called Eddie Mabo, who challenged Australian legal system. He fought for claiming the legal rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait inhabitants. From Mabo’s perspective, Aboriginal people are the traditional owners of their land as they occupied and lived in Australia for thousands of years, much longer and earlier than British people’s arrival in 1788. However, after British people took charge of this continent, Aboriginal people’s life went from bad to worse. They had no legal rights and were treated like animals. Their lives were severely threatened. Moreover, they lost their homes although they were the original owner of the land. After ten years
Cancer is one of the 9 National Health Priority Areas (NHPA), areas which account for a significant portion of the burden of disease, but have sizeable potential for improvement. In Australia, CRC is the second most common cancer, after prostate (in men) and breast cancer (in women) (AIHW, Cancer incidence projections). The incidence has gradually increased (by 13% in males from 1982-2007) (AIHW, Cancer in Australia an overview). This is compounded by the ageing population and population growth, with 14,860 new cases in 2010 (http://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer). This graph demonstrates this upward trend ((AIHW, Cancer incidence projections):
meeting: An indispensable aid to communication between different specialities. European Journal Of Cancer, 42(15), 2459-2462. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.03.034
At this point in time, scientists and doctors have yet to discover the specific causes for breast cancer. However, what is known are the different risk factors that may trigger or put women more at danger of acquiring this disease. Aged women who have experienced menopause are more vulnerable at containing this disease. Women are also more at risk if breast cancer is common within their family because it is hereditary. In addition, smoking and drinking are other factors that can put women at risk as well (Stephan, 2010). Obesity in particular is a huge risk factor. Women who are overweight, especially those who have a thicker upper body, are more likely to develop malignant cancers in the breast than a healthy woman (Vona-Davis and Rose, 2009).
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
The book begins with a narrative of cancer relating back to its history. Cancer in the book is discussed as a confusing, complex disease that was hard to decode by doctors for over a century. Mukherjee gives rich details about the way people assessed breast cancer in the nineteenth century discussing how radiation and chemotherapy were once used before modern times. Further, into the book, Mukherjee shares with personal experience working in the field of
Lanfranchi, Angela. “Abortion Increases the Risk for Breast Cancer”. Opposing Viewpoints: Abortion. 2010. 5. 22 March 2014.
Today in the United States, Breast Cancer occurs in about one in eight women which is currently the most common cancer among women. The number of cases is expected to decrease due to the advancements in technology and dedicated researchers. Scientists have put an estimated 4.8 billion dollars towards the research every year to help find a cure or a new treatment for breast cancer ("STAT Facts Breast Cancer"). Researchers have found causes, put in research and theories that help with understanding treatments, prevention and also common symptoms and coping mechanisms.
Since 1979 the diagnoses of cancer have gone up nearly 20% in a generation as there is more people smoking, drinking, obesity and unfitness (theguardian website, 2011, para. 1). There has been in increase of women with the diagnosis, the diagnoses have risen up by 50% (459 per 100,00), men have risen from 20,000 to 24,000 (the guardian website, 2011, para. 2). Socioeconomic class does have an effect in some cases as cervical and lung cancers are more common in poor people while rates of breast cancer and melanoma are higher in the wealthy (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 1). Demographics could also have some effect as those of the wealthier group have more exposure to UV by traveling abroad for the holidays (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 5). In regards to smoking, deprived groups continue to smoke while the wealthier groups have quit smoking (ScienceDaily website, 2008, para. 7). Researchers have linked cancer to not only demographics, socioeconomic class but also race and
Breast cancer affects nearly fifty thousand women each year in the UK. Breast cancer in women is more common over the age of fifty however in recent years there has seen a spike in younger women falling victim to breast cancer (Macmillan.org, 2012). Cancer Research (2012) states that there are a large mixture of emotions for someone being diagnosed with Breast Cancer and this also may directly impact the families and friends of those diagnosed. Furthermore Macmillian (2012) said that the feelings and emotions that come with a diagnosis of ...
...evention: Implications for the 21st Century.” Cancer Causes and Control. Vol. 18, No. 2 (2007). 118.
Most people are aware of the risks associated with smoking and many people who do not smoke are concerned about the risks of secondhand smoke. Even employees in restaurants have a 50 percent higher risk of lung cancer than the general public (Buckley, 2002, p. 63). Also, Harvard researchers found that women who were regularly exposed to other people?s smoke at home or at work were 91 percent more likely to have a heart attack than those who weren?t exposed (Will You Pay, 1998, p.