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Effect of Music on Academic Achievement articles
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Conclusion on the bandura study
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Albert Bandura was born on December 4, 1925. He was born in Mundare, a small hamlet of some 400 inhabitants, largely immigrants from Poland and Ukraine, in northern Alberta, Canada. He was the youngest and the boy out his six siblings. His parents emigrated to Canada when they were adolescents (Pajares 2004). His father was from Krakow Poland and his mother was from Ukraine. Bandura’s parents were hard workers and self-educated. His parents instill in him the joys of life and the importance of education. His primary and high school years were spent at the only school in his town (Albert Bandura 2015). The school was short teachers and resources. Only two teachers handle the whole school curriculum. Bandura saw this as an opportunity to rely …show more content…
He developed a reciprocal determinism model that consists of three main factors: behavior, person/cognitive, and environment. These factor can interact and influence learning (Santrock 2011). Environment influence behavior, behavior affects the environment, person factors influence behaviors, and so on. Bandura model works as followed: cognition influence behavior. An individual develops cognitive strategies to think more deeply and logically about how to solve problems, the cognitive strategies improve the individual achievement behavior (Santrock 2011). Behavior influences cognition. An individual is studying, which have led them to achieve good grades, which in turn produce positive expectancies about their abilities and give them self-confidence (Santrock 2011). Environment influence behavior. The school an individual may attend developed a pilot studying skill program to help students learn how to take notes, manage time, and take test more effectively. The skills program improves the student’s achievement behavior. Behavior influence environment. The study skills programs are successful in improving the achievement behavior of many students in a class. The students’ improved achievement behavior stimulates the school to expand the program so that all students in high school participate in it (Santrock 2011). Cognition influence environment. The expectations and planning of the school’s principal and teachers made …show more content…
The first one is attention. Before students can produce a model’s action, they must attend to what the model is doing or saying. Attention to the model is influenced by host f characteristics. For instance, warm, powerful, atypical, people command more attention than a cold, weak, typical person. Students are more likely to be attentive to high status models than to a low status models (Santrock 2011). Next is retention. Retention is to reproduce a model’s actions, students must code the information and keep it in memory so that they retrieve it. A simple verbal description or a vivid image of what the model did assists students’ retention. For example, a teacher might say, “I’m showing the correct way to do this step by step,” as the teacher models how to solve the math problem. A video with colorful character demonstrating the importance of considering other students’ feelings might be remembered better than the teacher’s instructions. Student’s retention will improve when teachers give vivid, logical, and clear demonstrations (Santrock 2011). Then there is production. Children might attend to a model and a code in memory of what they seen, because of limitations of their motor ability. For example, an adolescent can watch a pro basketball or football player and execute their skills perfect, but if they watch a famous pianist or artist they are not able to reproduce
The Behavioral Model and behavioral theorists believe that our actions are determined by our experiences in life. The focus of this model is on the subject’s behaviors in response to their environment. These behaviors can either be external or internal. Learned behaviors can help some people cope and lead to productive activities in life. Learned behaviors can also be abnormal and lead to abnormal functioning (Comer, 2005-2011).
In Psychology there are many different learning styles. One of the more famous learning styles is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning there are two major concepts; reinforcement and punishment. By using these two concepts, behaviors can be encouraged or reduce a certain behavior. Next would be the different schedules of reinforcement that effect how often a behavior is likely to continue. Lastly the article goes on to state how behaviors can be shaped using these and other various methods.
3) I have witnessed observational learning through watching my little cousin imitate what an infant-directed program was doing. He learned through paying attention to the character doing a dance move. He then retained the dance move before using motor reproduction to imitate the move. Afterwards he did get up and recreate the move through his own way, by having the positive and entertaining motivation from the character of the program.
His theory changed how people viewed children’s behaviors and inspired other researchers to study this field, which has increased people’s understanding of cognitive development in childhood and adolescence. More importantly, people have learned how to understand and communicate with children and adolescences based on his ideas, which greatly helps the development of education. Teachers should lead children to pay attention to the process of learning rather than the results. Children and adolescences should also be encouraged to work in individual as well as in groups. Evaluating the level of student’s cognition is also important in order to assign suitable
To explain this concept, social cognitive and social learning theories are needed. According to these theories, people learn not only from their own actions, but also from the environment. For example, the child tends to follow and show analogous behavior with their parents. Likewise, media can provide information when we organize our perceptions of reality. Albert Bandura, who is a pioneer of the theory, he published Bobo dolls study in 1963 to determine if watching aggressive action on film caused the children to imitate the behavior displayed by the film characters in real-life situations (Albert, Dorothea, and Shella A. 1963). He made the child watch how the adult treat the Bobo doll. The adult showed aggressive behavior and used verbally aggressive phrases. They punched, kicked, sit on it, and threw down on the floor. After showing these behaviors, they left the laboratory. The result was that the children, who left in the laboratory alone, showed exactly same aggressive behaviors with the adult. The experiment means that the child observe what other do, save it in memory and imitate the behavior that what they watched. In other words, media can be one of a model that the children follow as if they act like the adult after watching their aggressive
The researchers had the participants’ complete three parts of the experiment: the learning phase, the TNT phase and the final memory phase. In the learning phase, the participants were presented forty eight object image pairs and asked to recall them. The participants were asked to learn a behavioral response for each item. The participants were then shown one of the forty eight objects and asked to press a key indicating left or right depending on the strength of the associated picture. After this, participants were then shown the correct related picture for two seconds as response. ...
students. In these lesson, modeling and imitation can be very useful tools as they can teach
In 1977, Psychologist Albert Bandura adopted the Social Learning Theory making it an influential and important theory. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning capabilities. Bandura argued that individuals could learn new information and behavior by watching other individuals and the type of leanings can be explained by a wide variety of behaviors. This theory acknowledges that just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behavior. However, the influence from others can cause a change in
Bandura based his conducted theory on modeling behavior and observational learning. His theory also emphasizes conscious cognitive processes and learning and including the importance of beliefs about the self, self-regulation and goal setting. Bandura 's theory of personality is a child 's personality is highly dependent on their social environment as well as their level of self-regulation and self-efficacy. This theory applies too all of the factors in the social cognitive theory as well as the concept of reciprocal determination. Reciprocal determination refers to the collective and continuous interactions that occur between the human behavior, human mind, and environmental factors. Just like when Bandura performed an experiment on a group of toddlers with the Bobo doll and after the conclusions he analyzed humans do learn through observing behaviors, others actions and even the outcome of what behavior they act upon. Essentially what he believes is that humans behavior is effected by and affects the world and environment around
Bandura’s theory uses the social- learning approach. This approach would explain that Antwone was a product of what he saw. This showed in the behaviors that he displayed. This approach derives from the behaviorist approach (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). Bandura would believe that one learns by observing what is taking place in his or her environment and the people that are around the individual (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). Modeling was very important to Bandura (Schultz & Schultz, 2013).
He argued that reinforcement does not simply work as a mechanism, but it is the provider of information of the next reinforcement to be given once the behavior is repeated. Bandura pointed out that for the individual to repeat an agreeable behavior, he must include his intellectual processes. In this sense, Bandura agreed that environment causes behavior, but behavior can also cause environment. This theory believes that personality does not exist and that our traits are merely cognitive strategies or things that we do for us to obtain the kind of reward we want. The advantage is that behavior or "personality" can be manipulated by differing reinforcement schedules. The disadvantage is that the theory does not believe in personality but rather that we just cognitive react to situations. It's almost like creating a cognitive dissonance between body and
Behavioral theories are very significant, but the social learning theory by Albert Bandura is one of the most valuable and influential theory out of them all. The social learning theory analyzes how humans learn through observing other people’s attitudes and behaviors. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany and he was the founder and conductor of the Nazi Party. Accordingly, Adolf Hitler is related to the social learning theory because his actions were related with his life struggle. Many people wonder why Hitler killed so many innocent lives and the reality is that no one will ever know, but the social learning theory by Albert Bandura can help people briefly understand why humans perform cruel and inhumane behaviors. This theory does not excuse nor does it permits Hitler’s malicious behavior, but it provides a psychological view to his unnatural actions. Adolf Hitler was the main cause of World War II and the Holocaust; he was responsible for about 11 million deaths and approximately 1 million were children. During the Holocaust the Nazis focused on executing the Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and disabled people. Moreover, Hitler also conducted the concentration camps, labor camps and extermination camps. In the camps Hitler kept as prisoners anyone who acted against him in any way and he also kept Jews. The concentration camp mainly forced people to do hard labor and slowly they would die of starvation, infections or murder; in the other hand, extermination camps were used to kill an immense cluster of people instantly. Also, Hitler permitted doctors that were part of the Nazi Party to performed medical experiments to the prisoners without their consent, basically the prisoners were used as lab rats and then they ...
There are four steps in the process of modeling for observational learning. They are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Attention is when you focus on what the person you are observing is doing. Retention is remembering what you observed. Reproduction is performing the behavior you observed, and motivation is wanting to actually do the behavior.(www.courses.lumenlearning.com) The psychologist that most strongly identifies with observational learning is Albert Bandura. He believed that observational learning was the result of cognitive processes that are, “actively judgemental and constructive,” not merely “mechanical copying.”(Bandura) According to Bandura there are three different models to observational learning. They are live model which is behavior in person, verbal model which is not doing a behavior but explaining or describing it, and symbolic model is when people or fictional characters demonstrating behaviors in books,
Anything that weakens a response is considered punishment. For example, a kid who writes on the wall in permanent magic market and then gets yelled out and put into time-out is being punished. During modeling and observation, an individual watches somebody perform a behavior and then repeats the behavior. Children learn in this way. For example, a 3-year old who has watched his mother answer the phone and then starts picks it up while it is ringing one day and says “hello” has learned by modeling and observation. In order for an individual to model somebody, they have to be paying attention, remember what they saw, and be motivated to repeat the behavior.
The purpose of Chapter two is to review literature related to the major variables within the study. Two literature reviews were conducted. The first literature review examined the retention rates and low standardized test scores on Students taking Middle School Math. This follows the purpose of the conceptual framework, the Keller’s ARCS model(1987). Here, there will be literature related to inform the study that is related to the research design, intervention design, and measurement instruments. Lastly there will be a section on the Conceptual Framework.