The purpose of Chapter two is to review literature related to the major variables within the study. Two literature reviews were conducted. The first literature review examined the retention rates and low standardized test scores on Students taking Middle School Math. This follows the purpose of the conceptual framework, the Keller’s ARCS model(1987). Here, there will be literature related to inform the study that is related to the research design, intervention design, and measurement instruments. Lastly there will be a section on the Conceptual Framework.
Retention of Middle School Mathematical Students
President Barack Obama (2008) started his term by saying
The agenda starts with education. Whether you’re conservative or liberal, Republican or Democratic, practically every economist agrees that in this digital age, a highly educated and skilled workforce will be the key to not only individual opportunity, but to the overall success of our economy as well. We cannot be satisfied until every child in America-and I mean every child- has the same chances for a good education that we want for our own children.
With this promise came serious concerns over education taught students ranked 28th in the United States out of 40 other countries in Mathematics and Sciences. 80% of occupations depend on knowledge of Mathematics and Science (Week and Obama 2009). In order to ensure that educators have enough money to fund the endeavor to be more competitive with the rest of the world in Mathematics and Science, President Obama will increase federal spending in education with an additional 18 billion dollars in k-12 classrooms, guaranteeing educators have the teachers, technology, and professional development to attain highly quali...
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...atics in six countries, Mathematics Teaching in the 21st Century, Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Education, Michigan State University.
Silver, E. A. (1998). Improving Mathematics in Middle School: Lessons from TIMSS and Related Research, US Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328.
Singh, K., M. Granville, et al. (2002). "Mathematics and science achievement: effects of motivation, interest, and academic engagement." The Journal of Educational Research 95(6): 323-332.
Stroup, A. L. and L. N. Robins (1972). "Elementary school predictors of high school dropout among black males." Sociology of Education 45(2): 212-222.
Washington, W. M., B. C. Barish, et al. (2006). "National Science Board."
Week, E. and B. Obama (2009). The Obama Education Plan: An Education Week Guide, Jossey-Bass Inc Pub.
United States. National Center for Education Statistics. Long-Term Trends in Student Mathematics Performance. Sep. 1998. Web. 2 May 2009. .
Whenever learning about this project for SMED 310, I wanted to pick out a learner who I knew had a low self-concept and low self-efficacy in their mathematics ability. After thinking back over the years, I remembered a friend I had in high school who had struggled with their math courses. Matthew Embry, a freshman at Western Kentucky University, is looking to major in Sports Management. Whenever I was a senior in high school, we played on the same sports team. Throughout my senior year, I helped him with his Algebra 1 class. When I would help him after a practice, I could tell he struggled with the material. As a mathematics major, I have taken numerous math courses. By teaching him a lesson dealing with football, Matthew was able
The first issue that has been identified as a significant problem involved in the Achievement gap, is that it is partially the fault of America's educational system. Because of the suffering economy that has spurred the increasing lack of basic necessities in schools across America, there are an increasing number of children who are not being properly educated. Whether it is a deficiency in supplies, poor teacher selection, or administration and staff who are indifferent to the students at their sch...
8.) Smith, Chelsea. “pros and Cons of the No Child Left Behind Act.” (2005) < http://
Steen, Lynn Arthur . "Integrating School Science and Mathematics: Fad or Folly?." St. Olaf College. (1999): n. page. Web. 12 Dec. 2013..
...ris, A. (2004) School engagement: potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109. doi: 10.3102/00346543074001059
Ryan, Julia. "American Schools vs. the World: Expensive, Unequal, Bad at Math." www.theAtlantic.com. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 23 Dec. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. .
The literature review research and articles ranged in dates from 1995 to 2013. These articles are composed of over 50 studies, with the results being compared and evaluated over a vast time. The researchers examined the students’ permanent school records, documented the students’ gender, socioeconomic status, grade retained or intervened, teacher assigned grades, reading and mathematics, and the students’ standardized test scores (Rust & Wallace, 1993). Grade appropriate standardized test...
Current interests in reducing high dropout rates and closing the achievement gap across many United States high schools have resulted in a major education reform. According to Durden (2008), with the passing of the No Child Left Behind legislation in 2002, national officials authorized the Comprehensive School Reform program to support low performing schools as they struggled to improve student achievement. As a result, a wide range of approaches have been considered to help solve this nation-wide concern. Durden (2008) discussed as a result of this national effort, an increase in implementation of comprehensive school reforms is occurring in schools serving predominantly diverse student populations in urban areas. Kemple et al., (2006) stated that while many different targeted programs and comprehensive reform strategies have been proposed as strategies to counter these problems, small learning communities (SLCs) or freshman academies have been incorporated. . Freshman academies or small learning communities (SLCs) are defined as small self-contained groups of students who take classes together from interdisciplinary teacher teams. (SLCs) have emerged as among the most common and potentially effective response. With the incorporation of small learning communities (SLCs) or freshman academies, there are other areas of importance needing change in addressing the problems of high dropout rates and the achievement gap. Important areas in need of change includes how we assess our students, preparation of America’s teachers, and development of appropriate curricular materials, policies, and practices for diverse students.
Also while United state’s eighth-graders already rank lower in math than students in five other “the results of a report issued by trends in international Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) reveal that US eighth-graders ranked lower in math than students in five other countries, whi...
Jiang Zhonghong (1995)A Brief Comparison of the U.S. and Chinese Middle School Mathematics Programs. School Science and Mathematics v95 n4 p187-94
As a secondary subject, society often views mathematics a critical subject for students to learn in order to be successful. Often times, mathematics serves as a gatekeeper for higher learning and certain specific careers. Since the times of Plato, “mathematics was virtually the first thing everyone has to learn…common to all arts, science, and forms of thought” (Stinson, 2004). Plato argued that all students should learn arithmetic; the advanced mathematics was reserved for those that would serve as the “philosopher guardians” of the city (Stinson, 2004). By the 1900s in the United States, mathematics found itself as a cornerstone of curriculum for students. National reports throughout the 20th Century solidified the importance of mathematics in the success of our nation and its students (Stinson, 2004). As a mathematics teacher, my role to educate all students in mathematics is an important one. My personal philosophy of mathematics education – including the optimal learning environment and best practices teaching strategies – motivates my teaching strategies in my personal classroom.
Academic self-efficacy in mathematics was also assessed using five items from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ; Pintrich & De Groot, 1990). Because the research question sought to determine whether participating in the camp improved students with lower mathematics self-efficacy, those students with subscale scores that exceeded the mean of
ReadingtonParents.com - ReadingtonParents.com - ReadingtonParents.com - ReadingtonParents.com - Read (2005). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary'. Constructivist Versus Traditional Math, Retrieved, April 3, 2011, from http://www.rationalamerican.com. Tienken, Christopher & Wilson, Michael (2001), Using state standards and tests to improve Instruction, Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, Retrieved, April 2, 2011 from http://PAREonline.net/getvn. Ward, C. (2001).
Throughout out this semester, I’ve had the opportunity to gain a better understanding when it comes to teaching Mathematics in the classroom. During the course of this semester, EDEL 440 has showed my classmates and myself the appropriate ways mathematics can be taught in an elementary classroom and how the students in the classroom may retrieve the information. During my years of school, mathematics has been my favorite subject. Over the years, math has challenged me on so many different levels. Having the opportunity to see the appropriate ways math should be taught in an Elementary classroom has giving me a