Theories are used in nursing practice for various reasons to describe, explain, predict and prescribe. Grand theories (or conceptual models), provide a framework model for clinical practice, education, administration, methodology, and discipline inquiry, however, they cannot be applied directly to practice. As an alternative, middle-range theories are the ones that are applied directly into nursing practice and they must be consistent with the adopted conceptual model. Betty Neuman System Model (NSM), a grand theory, provides a comprehensive guide to nursing research, practice, education and administration. More so, this system model has the probability of unifying health-related theories through intervention and patient reaction to stressors. …show more content…
The model involves a core/basic structure and energy resources that offer for basic survival. Surrounding the core are the lines of resistance that are triggered when a stressor invades the system. Outside of the lines of resistance is the normal line of defense, which is the systems usual level of wellness that protects from the negative impact of stressors. Finally, the flexible line of defense is the outer boundary and provides the initial response to stressors. Each of these levels includes the five client variables physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. Also, there are three environments which include, internal, external, and created. In addition, the model includes the three levels of prevention which are primary, secondary, and tertiary (Whetsell et al, …show more content…
Prevention include, primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary prevention happens before the client reacts to a stressor. It includes health promotion and maintaining wellness. Secondary prevention happens after the client reacts to a stressor. It focuses on preventing damage to the basic structure by strengthening the internal lines of resistance and removing the stressor. Tertiary prevention happens after the client has undergone through the secondary prevention strategies. It gives support to the patient by adding more energy or lessening the energy in the client system so as to enable reconstitution (Nursing theories, 2012).
Neuman acknowledged ten propositions, which are essential within her model, to describe, define, and link the concepts in the NSM. The propositions include:
1. Even though each system is unique, each is still composite of common factors and characteristics.
2. Many known, unknown and universal environmental dynamics exist.
3. Each individual or system has a typical range of response to the environment, which is referred to as Normal line of
Myers & Sweeney (2008) states, the wheel of wellness is a model that is gear towards the individual’s well-being in which body, mind, and spirit are linked as one so that the client and professional can live life to the fullest within social and natural norms. In addition, resilience for professionals is to know how to cope and come out of a stressful situation without any kind of remorse. Furthermore, prevention is to prevent disastrous of one’s life. For example, an individual needs to re-evaluate his or her life on a daily basis. According to Venart & Pitcher 2007 [Myers & Sweeney (2005] states, Wellness is an aftermath and a system, a primary aspiration for existing, and a way of life.
The Neuman Systems Model (NSM) is a holistic and open system that involves the shifting relationship between a client / client system and its environment (Neuman & Fawcett, 2002). Because of Neuman’s holistic perspective, the model suggests that the client must be understood comprehensively by constructing the client system to include the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual variables (Neuman & Fawcett, 2002). The client system is also shown in the model as circles to include a basic core structure (basic survival factors), lines of resistance (closest to the core and protects the system), normal line of defense (normal state of operating), and flexible line of defense (outer boundary
A nursing model is a collection of ideas and knowledge that represents nursing from the writers’ perspective, presenting different ways of looking at and understanding nursing (Aggleton & Chalmers, 2000; Hogston & Simpson, 2002). Thus, nursing model is a concept of what nursing is and are used as a tool to assess patient's needs/problems.
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (1995). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (3rd ed.). Norwalk, CT:
As I have progressed through this semester learning about numerous nursing philosophers, I have poured over the readings trying to identify my place in the world of nursing theory. How am I supposed to create a theory with meaning and purpose? As I reflected on this question, an obvious and simple answer kept coming to mind. Why did I decide to become a nurse in the first place? What about nursing pulled me in to this profession? When I began to think of my nursing journey in this light, my personal nursing philosophy became obvious to me.
McIntyre, M. & McDonald, C. (2014). Nursing Philosophies, Theories, Concepts, Frameworks, and Models. In Koizer, B., Erb, G., Breman, A., Snyder, S., Buck, M., Yiu, L., & Stamler, L. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Canadian nursing (3rd ed.). (pp.59-74). Toronto, Canada: Pearson.
This model believes that an individual may be free from disease or physical injury however social factors that surrounds a person will determine their wellbeing. In the social dimension of health a person has to be able to interact with people, such as friends and family. According to Antonia C. Lyons and Kerry Chamberlain (2006) Health Psychology a Critical introduction ‘studies have demonstrated an association between what is called social integration and physical health, including mortality rates’. The skill to be able to build healthy relationships may give an individual a positive self-image. Poor social skills may mean that an individual may become isolated or stressed. If an individual becomes stressed and isolated they will be free of disease as they will be physically and mentally fit, however the stress will contribute to the health status of the individual. According to Charles L. Sheridan and Sally A. Radmacher (1992) Health psychology challenging the biomedical model ‘attributes like strength, health and attractiveness can be helpful in coping with
My nursing philosophy integrates the fundamental concepts of nursing, people, environment, health and care taking. The people are the patients encountered on a daily basis. Every patient should be informed and made aware of the existence of a healthcare problem.
There are set definitions of nursing made by every nurses association and dictionary. However, nursing goes beyond the definition and has distinct meaning to each individual nurse whether they are aware of the meaning or not. Several nurses have chosen to publicize their beliefs about nursing into their own nursing theory. Other nurses may have ideas similar to these theories, completely different from the theories, or a combination of multiple theories. Some nurses may have never even considered what nursing truly means to them. However, it isn’t until nurses sit down and truly look at what nursing means to them that they can fulfill their duties as a nurse to their full potential. In any philosophy of nursing there are four metaparadigms
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (3 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Critique of theory defines evidence-based nursing practice and denotes the congruence between the data from theory-generating research and current implementation (Fawcett & Desanto-Madeya, 2013, p. 313). Critiques must be non-judgemental and must attain the purpose of extending nursing research to address human complexity and nursing interventions. The writer’s purpose for this paper is to analyze Betty Neuman’s Systems Model Theory (NSM) using the criteria: theorist’s background, major assumptions, concepts and relationships, usefulness, testability, parsimony, and theoretical values in extending nursing science, as outlined by Wills (2002, pp. 118-122). The writer addresses the concepts of nursing, health, client, and environment,
Nursing theories are actions care that a nurse provides to a patient to prevent a sickness, maintain and promote health. Many of the theorists contribute to a frame work or a blueprint of how nurses should provide care to patients. Many these theories are part of nursing care and most of them they go hand in hand. Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and Jacobs1978).Nursing is apprehensive with laws and principles governing the life processes and functioning of sick or well human beings. Nursing theories are beneficial in understanding the knowledge of nursing and its application (Smith and Liehr, 2008).
Separating the nursing theory from other healthcare professions seems to be a daunting task. One of the main goals in nursing is to promote the healing of patients and the ultimate goals of any healthcare profession would be to ensure that the patients are receiving adequate and substantial healthcare.
Based on Henderson’s theory, we can critique the clarity, generality, simplicity, empirical precision, and derivable consequences. The clarity of Henderson’s theory is great. She provides the information in a way that is clear and to the point. There is no information that is unnecessary or not relevant to her definition. The generality of the theory is high. Henderson’s definition is broad and therefore can be applied to almost all nursing situations. The simplicity of the theory is also high. It is easy to read and understand. The empirical precision of the definition is great as well. It serves its purpose as a basis for basic nursing care and goals for the health of a patient. Lastly, the derivable consequences, or importance, is also great. It provides nurses with a basic understanding of nursing and allows them to have a base to build upon with other nursing