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Microeconomics Review
Principles and concepts of microeconomics
Basic microeconomic concepts
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Predicting the Unpredictable Rupert Murdoch, the CEO of Fox News, once stated, “I 'm not an economist and we all know economists were created to make weather forecasters look good.” (1). There is some satire in that quote, however, it alludes to the complexity and unpredictability within the field of economics. Furthermore, the makeup of people and the assumptions that have to be made in economics adds another variable in the algorithm of economics. Meteorologist understands that Mother Nature is unpredictable; however, the forecaster still gives you a five-day forecast with their assumptions. Likewise, economists make assumptions on what the economy will do based on the facts available. In either case, the outcome may not be the same as …show more content…
The fundamentals of microeconomics deals with how individuals or individual firms make decisions, furthermore, what variables will affect those decisions and how they will affect them. For example, time, time is a scarce resource. Time is something that people find valuable, and people have to make decisions everyday on the best way for them to spend that time. For instance, my decision to my homework and continue my educations versus that of my wife’s which is to go shopping for fall clothes. My decision to study versus my wife’s decision to go shopping has two very different outcomes. Furthermore, how we use our scarce resources, and the decisions that we have made, will have different effects on the …show more content…
This means that macroeconomics studies and analyze the bigger picture; furthermore, it aims to understand and predict what will be good for the entire economy. The fundamentals of macroeconomics understands the bigger picture. For example, policies within an organization or government, the effects of raising taxes on certain goods, or the choice to regulate certain scarce goods or not. The goal is to understand how these will affect the economy as a whole, rather than the individual. To illustrate, macroeconomics is not concerned with the interest rate of a home loan, however, they are concerned with what make interest rates as a whole rise or
Macropoland, a natural gas and oil importer, has a natural rate of unemployment of about 4.5% and a long run average rate of inflation of about 2%. However, there are two specific time periods where these rates fell below their potential. During the period between 1973-1974, the country had an inflation rate of about 15%, with an unemployment rate of nearly 13%. And now, they are experiencing an unemployment rate of 9% and an inflation rate of 0.4%. As their new economic advisor, it is my job to explain these two time periods.
“Yes, It’s the economy, stupid, but is it demand or supply?” was published on January 24, 2014 by Paul De Grauwe for CEPS Commentary. The ‘wrong medicine’ as De Grauwe says, continually goes to the problems, but never seems to solve them correctly. Before 1970, there was a focus on demand shock, in 1970 there was a focus on demand shock for a supply shock, and in 2008-09, there is a focus on supply shock for a demand shock. Development on different models started to try to predict the shocks, and the creation of the supply-side model to replace the Keynesian model began. Repeating of old mistakes, it seemed in 2008 that the economists had not learned a thing from the 1970s. Economists do not seem to always learn from old mistakes, but in the end, sometimes it takes several repeats and misdiagnoses to get things done correctly.
The theory of economics does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind, a technique for thinking, which helps the possessor to draw correct conclusions. The ideas of economists and politicians, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist." (John Maynard Keynes, the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money p 383)
...hould accept the inconvenient truth that the markets sometimes do not function properly. Second, economists should re-embrace Keynesian practice because it does offer a legitimate answer for economic downturns. Finally, they should consider the realities of finance in the world of macroeconomics (Krugman 2009). As an upcoming economist from George Mason, primarily a “freshwater” school, I find the first suggestion a bit difficult for me to accept. I think the best option right now is to stay neutral and open-minded because I still have a lot to learn about economics.
The study of economics is important to everyone. Financial decisions affect everyone in their day-to-day routines. Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources (Mankiw, 2012). Macroeconomics is the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, Gross Domestic Product, and economic growth (Mankiw, 2012). Macroeconomics is important because, it is how all of us relate into markets and economies. Many news articles today are centered on the economy and current events. One of these articles lends itself to many economic principles and ideas. Even though there are many important topics not covered in the article, the article titled, "You Are What You Owe" in Time, encompassed many general economic principles as well as the many macroeconomics indices illustrated in the article.
Supply and demand is one of the most simple-looking aspects of an economy and its study, but yet it presents the greatest challenge to analysts. Although most events can be mathematically calculated to perfection, the human aspect always intervenes and throws off a calculation. Dealing with the imperfections of psychology differentiates a modern analyst with initiative over one who follows an equation.
A market economy is a society that is industrialized. For example, there are factories and workers that make goods. But a society does not need capitalism to be industrialized. A market economy is where there are people who compete. They try to get money by themselves and only for them. They are money greedy and the want it all. This is a goal and this is what a market economy focuses on. But even though society is industrialized, they have limits. They are controlled by the government. For example, Social Security is controlled by the government. When the government controls, institutions do not have many rights. For social security, there are qualifications and these qualifications are made by the government. But the poor face more problems than the rich. For example, the rich have more power and control the ways there
The role of a Government plays a crucial role in its nation economic market, ensuring macroeconomic stability and planning long term plan is the fundamental requirement for the nation growth. Macroeconomic sum up the nation income, output performance and global economies.
=== A study of economics in terms of whole systems especially with reference to general levels of output and income and to the interrelations among sectors of the economy is called macroeconomics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the behavior of the economy as a whole—with booms and recessions, the economy’s total output of goods and services and the growth of output, the rates of inflation and unemployment, the balance of payments, and exchange rates. Macroeconomics deals with the increase in output and employment over long period of time—that is economic growth—and with the short-run fluctuations that constitutes the business cycle. Macroeconomics focuses on the economic behavior and policies that effect consumption and investment, trade balance, the determinants of changes in wages and prices, monetary and fiscal policies, the money stock, the federal budget, interest rates, and national debt. In brief, macroeconomics deals with the major economic issues and problems of the day.
Capitalism is an economic system in which the production and distribution are privately owned, the government involvement is minimal,and there is free enterprise. In Capitalism, the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit in a competitive market. Also the economic investment, ownership and profits are all owned by individuals. Under capitalism the state is separated from the economy, which means that the government has no role in business. In other words, everyone works for themselves. The market forces in a capitalist country runs by supply and demand which it determines the price and later on it turns into profits. Supply is the quantity of goods and services a business is willing to sell, while Demand is the quantity of goods and services consumers are willing to buy. Therefore, Capitalism is the best economic system because it rewards the ones that work hard and since the government does not control trade, there is a large variety of goods and creates options for consumers to fit their personal needs.
The four principles of individual decision- making suggest that people face trade off. People have to give up a thing to acquire some other thing. This includes money, time, resources, and energy. The cost of something is what a person is willing to give up to obtain it. Therefore, the need is to find an alternative and then to compare and contrast the cost and the benefits of the alternative action by making a rational decision. Rational people think at a margin. Rational people purposefully evaluate options and opportunities. The marginal benefit is look at from the viewpoint of the consumers’ end of the equation, whereas, the marginal cost affect the producers. ...
Economics is the study of how best to allocate scarce resources throughout an entire market. Economics affect our lives on a daily basis, whether it is on a business level or a personal level.
There are two reasons help us to answer this question. Firstly, as it mentioned above, economics could provide supports to help people make right decisions. Everyone have to make a considerable amount of decisions in life and work, no matter they are politicians or housewives. For example, a wise politician makes use of economics theory to make economic decisions in order to run the country well and bringing prosperities to people. A smart housewife knows that breads’ and vegetables’ prices are economical in the afternoon under economics’ guidance. Some common rules hide incredible economics theories people might never notice because it seems so simple in the normal life. If we known these theories, we can take advantages of it to make right decisions at vital moment. Secondly, economics, as one of the most important subjects in academic circle, playing a significant role and affecting many aspects of our life. Before I study economics, I found many strange things whereas I can not explain by using common sense. For example, why are diamonds so much more expensive than water even thought water has vital importance to human existence than diamonds? Why does government levy taxes on merchandises to increase citizens’ financial burden? Why does the fast food restaurant drink can be refilled for free? After I learned the marginal cost and
What is Microeconomics? This question was left unanswered when I initially enrolled in this course. Microeconomics is the social science that studies the implications of individual human actions, specifically about how those decisions affect the utilization and distribution of scarce resources. Microeconomics shows how and why different goods have different values, how individuals create more efficient or more productive decisions, and how individuals best coordinate and cooperate with one another. Microeconomics does not try to explain what should happen in a market, but instead only explains what to expect if certain conditions change. For instance, If the price of the new iPhone 8 is higher than the previous model will the consumer buy it? There are several elements that will play into getting an answer for this question, but gives you a general idea of what microeconomics entails.