Drugs have been used to aide in sleep for years and years. There are many types of drugs that people use; opting between non-traditional medications such as herbs and vitamins while others opt for the traditional approach in using prescription drugs. This paper will inform and analyze the drug Zolpidem. Zolpidem is used in the treatment of insomnia. Insomnia is often considered to be a prolonged difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep.
This paper will outline the background of Zolpidem; going through the history of the drug. The drugs path of movement through the body or the pharmacokinetics will also be explained. The process of absorption, distribution, and inactivation will be covered in the pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics of the drug will be covered; explaining the sites of action and the areas of the brain that are affected by the drug. The potential for tolerance and dependence to be developed will also be examined. The level of toxicity of Zolpidem along with the potential side effects. The drug’s effectiveness as a form of psychotherapy will also be analyzed.
Overall, this paper will give a detailed outline of the drug Zolpidem. Beginning with the history of the drug, the drugs interactions in the body, and the effectiveness of the drug for its use. Zolpidem being a prescription medication this overview should be informative and analytical of the drugs abilities to produce the desired effects of treating insomnia.
Background
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic in the imidazopyridine class of drug; meaning that the drug is an agonist to the GABAa receptors (Source 7). Zolpidem was introduced in the early 1900s and has helped to push insomnia treatments forward. The nonbenzodiazepine Zolpide...
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Mattoo, S., Gaur, N., & Das, P. (2011). Zolpidem withdrawal delirium. Indian Journal Of Pharmacology, 43(6), 729-730.
Mortaz Hejri, S., Faizi, M., & Babaeian, M. (2013). Zolpidem-induced suicide attempt: a case report. Daru: Journal Of Faculty Of Pharmacy, Tehran University Of Medical Sciences, 21(1), 77.
Neubauer, D. (2009). Current and new thinking in the management of comorbid insomnia. The American Journal Of Managed Care, 15 SupplS24-S32.
Otmani, S., Demazières, A., Staner, C., Jacob, N., Nir, T., Zisapel, N., & Staner, L. (2008). Effects of prolonged-release melatonin, zolpidem, and their combination on psychomotor functions, memory recall, and driving skills in healthy middle aged and elderly volunteers. Human Psychopharmacology, 23(8), 693-705
Yang, L., & Deeks, E. (2012). Sublingual zolpidem (Edluar™; Sublinox™). CNS Drugs, 26(11), 1003-1010.
The studies done on the effectiveness and time constraints of valerian as an insomnia medication have reached varied and conflicting results. Though some studies have found valerian to have a subjective mild sedative effect in improving sleep,3 others have found there to be no objective statistical significance between valerian and placebo.5 Similarly, some research revealed that valerian reduced objective sleep latency when provided for an acute period of 3 days,4 while one study discovered that it takes about 2-3 weeks before valerian effectively begins to work.1 The latency period becomes a limiting factor in the effectiveness of the research assessing valerian, for not all studies spanned 14 days or more.5
Having no sleep can lead to unhealthy lives, relationships, one’s ability to function and interact with the world, and an unbalanced state of body, mind, and spirit. Sleep is crucial to an individual because it is a time where the body rests and restores energy and develops important information and without sleep, the body will slowly disintegrate. Poor sleep quality often is associated with Insomnia, but the two are two different items. Poor sleep quality is where an individual does not get at least 4 hours of sleep, but is still able to sleep and does not have a normal sleeping cycle. Insomnia is classified as a sleeping disorder, where one persistently lacks the ability to sleep or maintain sleep. This paper goes into a deep discussion of what Insomnia is and the two different types, the causes of Insomnia and how it affects a person’s lifestyle, a comparison between Men and Women who have Insomnia, and possible treatments to aid this disorder.
Chronic sleep loss is becoming more common in modern culture and less restricted to sleep-deprived diseases such as insomnia. Suggested to be the result of a number car, industrial, medical, and other occupational accidents, sleep deprivation is beginning to be recognized as a public concern. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control
Depression and suicide go hand in hand. In fact, 10 to 15 percent of depressed patients commit suicide (Lieber). This is the foundation of the defense argued by Eli Lilly, maker of Fluoxetine, commonly known as Prozac, and other companies manufacturing similar drugs. Although there are some 200 court cases alleging a link between suicide and Prozac this year, Eli Lilly continues to be cleared of all liability (Prozac and Suicide). One such case was brought up in Honolulu, Hawaii. In 1993, William Forsyth Sr., who was 63 and had been on Prozac for only two weeks, killed his wife, June, and himself. The plaintiffs argued that the side effects of Prozac, which included "nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, inner restlessness, manic behavior, self-mutilation and suicidal thoughts," were responsible for the murder-suicide. However, the Lilly spokesman said that those effects were "based on no scientific information at all." He also cited that the...
Millions of people suffer from the same tossing and turning every which way, getting their sheets all disarranged and their insistent minds abundantly worse. Patients often proclaim indications of insomnia while sitting in the family health clinic. Insomnia traits include hindrance falling asleep, continueing to awaken, and rejuvenating before wanted. One may suffer from insomnia if one shows signs of an increased difficulty in attentiveness, decreased communal or scholastic skills, and a diminished mood or enthusiasm. (Foldvary-Schaefer 111). Countless individuals deal with insomnia for a large amount of their lives and some choose differing treatments, while some do not use any treatments at all. While never being uncommon, the amounts of causes leading to insomnia come in boundlessly; finding new studies and stories every day.
The National Sleep Foundation describes sadness as an emotion experienced by humans in difficult times. Findings show that constant emotions are found in depression. Furthermore depression is not something which simply will disappear. Additionally, symptoms may reoccur throughout a person’s lifetime. Overall sleep and depressive illness can be a complex relationship. In general depression can bring about long term problems in sleep disorders stemming from depression. Sleep problems and risk factors may share biological factor and risk factors. These factors lead to important concepts discussed in the article such as insomnia and sleep apnea treatments strategies. Research has found people who have depression are more likely to develop insomnia and suffer from insomniatic symptoms. Some these symptoms include sleep maintenance insomnia, daytime sleepiness, difficulty falling asleep (onset insomnia), and refreshing sleep. Justly researchers suggest depression development is high among those who have both onset insomnia and sleep maintenance insomnia. In 2006, the NSF polls focused on 11-17 ages in children. One of slee...
Although delirium risk factors are well known and the condition may be preventable in many patients, this has not, for the most part, been translated into concrete action at the unit level. More research needs to be done on the pathophysiology of delirium to better understand the cause, effect and how to better treat it. It is important that delirium is detected, diagnosed, and treated early without delay to improve patient outcomes and reduce the complications and severity of any associated underlying illness.
Zoloft was first introduced to the United States in 1980’s. Another name for Zoloft is sertraline and is in a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. At first Zoloft was made to treat major depressive disorder, but as the drug progressed over time it can now treat panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Zoloft is the most commonly used antidepressant because it works extremely well, it is safe, and its side effects are not as serious as other antidepressants.
(Pittsburgh, PA) According to the Centers for Disease Control, an estimated 50 to 70 million Americans suffer from a sleep disorder. This remains of concern as a lack of sleep has been linked to industrial disasters, motor vehicle accidents and medical and occupational errors. Individuals who regularly fail to get enough sleep are more prone to chronic illnesses, such as depression, obesity and diabetes. In addition, those who don't get adequate sleep are more at risk of cancer, reduced quality of life, increased mortality and decreased productivity. Thankfully, somnapure offers an all natural sleep solution for individuals who struggle with this issue.
In 2006, Clauss reported and continued by stating that he and colleagues discovered that the sleeping drug administered seemed to somehow help reinstate temporary partial consciousness to the patient treated. Furthermore in his report, he details their new study and the effect of Zolpidem on three patients (patient L, N, and G), all of who have been in a PVS state from about three to five years. According to Clauss, before treatment with sleeping aid, the
Rosen, The Serious Suicide Attempt: Five Year Follow Up Study of 886 Patients, 235 J.A.M.A. 2105, 2105 (1976).
Sleeping is something that is an essential part of human nature and is a must in order for one to be a functional human being. Sleep is an idea that is accompanied by many wives’ tales, including the idea that one needs seven to eight hours of sleep each night and alcohol helps one fall asleep and sleep more soundly. One myth about sleep is that during sleep, one is in a state of nothingness. In truth, however, it has been discovered that during sleep the brain is active, variations in heartbeat and breathing occur, and the eyes and ears are active throughout the time of sleep. These activities during a person’s sleep are important because they help that person be more aware, awake, and alert during sleep.
Kales, A. (1972). The evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders : Pharmacological and psychological studies. In M. Chase (ed.)The Sleeping Brain. Los Angeles : Brain Information Service.
Drugs are a complicated subject, there are numerous categories of them and each of those have their own subcategories. For example, alcohol and heroin are both considered depressants, but their effects on a person are greatly different. So how do drugs affect one of the most important aspects of a human’s life, sleep? It is impossible to say. Each different drug has their own unique abilities that cause a reaction different from the next. To say a whole category of drugs have the same effect on sleep is just illogical.
“Twelve Simple Tips to Improve Your Sleep.” (2009, Dec. 18). The Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School. Healthy