The uterus can be affected by a lot of different pathologies. The word “endo-“originated from the Greek words “endon”; meaning in or within. The word “uterine” which originated from the Latin words “uterinus”; meaning of or pertaining to the uterus, or womb. The word “polyp/o” originated from the Middle English words “polip or polipus”; meaning small growth. The combination of the any form of these two words results in the term uterine polyps. This paper will evaluate what a uterine polyp is, the risk factors and symptoms associated with uterine polyps, the imaging modalities utilized to diagnose uterine polyps, and the best course of treatment for uterine polyps.
Uterine polyps are also known as endometrial polyps. Endometrial polyps are not true neoplasms (Figure 1). They are benign nodular protrusions of the endometrial hyperplasia and can either be sessile or pedunculated (Kim, McClenan, & Outwater, 2005). The protrusions appear as a hyperechoic, intracavitary mass with homogeneous echo texture, and smooth margins (Figure 2). Polyps may be singular, but more often develop in multiple protrusions. Attachment of polyps does not disrupt the endometrial-myometrial interface. Small cystic areas are occasionally seen in a more heterogeneous echo texture, and could suggest the areas of hemorrhage, infarction, inflammation, or torsion (Anonymous, 2012). They can be histologically characterized as localized hyperplastic overgrowth of glands and stroma. Polyps are irregularly distributed in endometrial glands and stroma, and generally consist of three components. It can either be a stroma of focally or diffusely dense fibrosis or smooth muscle tissue, thick walled vessels, and/or endometrial glands (Weerakkody & Radswiki, 2005-2014)
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...such as transvaginal ultrasound, sonohysterographic, and magnetic resonance are utilized to detect uterine polyps. Treatment is dependent upon the patient; as well as what the doctor believes is the most beneficial course of treatment for the patient.
References
Anonymous. (2012). AAGL Practice Report: Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Polyps. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 19(1), 3-10.
Hricak, H. (2007). Endometrial polyps. Diagnostic imaging (pp. 128-130). Salt Lake City, Utah: Amirsys.
Kim, S. H., McClenan, B. L., & Outwater, E. K. (2005). Miscellaneous Lesions of the Uterus . Radiology illustrated (p. 379). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
Weerakkody, Y., & Radswiki. (2005-2014). Endometrial polyp. Radiopaedia Blog RSS. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://radiopaedia.org/articles/endometrial-polyp
The Papanicolaou test in medical terms can also be known as or be called as the Pap smear, pap test, or smear test. It is a microscopic examination of cell .The purpose of this test is to perceive occurring of precancerous or existing cancerous cells in the opening uterus of the cervix. It also discerns asymmetry in the cells of the cervix (the bottom, narrow end of the uterus.)[1]
"Women's Health." Pap Test Procedure, Test Results, What Abnormal Results Mean, and More. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. .
Diagnostic medical sonography is a profession where sonographers direct high-frequency sound waves into a patient’s body through the use of specific equipment to diagnose or monitor a patient’s medical condition. As described by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, this examination is referred to as an ultrasound, sonogram, or echocardiogram. The high-frequency sound waves emitted from the handheld device, called a transducer, bounce back creating an echo and therefore produce an image that can be viewed on the sonographers computer screen. This image provides the sonographer and physician with an internal image of the patient’s body that will be used in the diagnosis. The most familiar use of ultrasound is used in monitoring pregnancies and is provided by obstetric and gynecologic sonographers, who also provide imaging of the female reproductive system. Other types of sonography include; abdominal sonography, breast sonography, musculoskeletal sonography, neurosonography and cardiovascular sonography. Due to the vast nature of uses in sonography, most professionals study one field that they choose to specialize in. Diagnostic medical sonography is a rapidly growing field because of the increase in medical advances. The area of Cleveland, Ohio has continued to rise in the medical field with great strides, providing better career prospects with the availability of numerous employment positions.
PGD has proven effective in patients who are of advanced age, have had recurrent miscarriages or repeated IVF failure and are either carriers of chromosomal diseases or have genetic history of such. PGD is used with an IVF to identify chromosomal mutations and genetic defects in embryos, where a cell from IVF is removed for genetic testing before implanting it into the uterus. This can either be performed as polar body biopsy,
Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome (PCOS) is an ovulation disorder and infertility that occurs in many women. Polycystic ovaries syndrome dates back to 1845 where it was described in a French manuscript as being “changes in the ovaries”. It was called “sclerocystic”. Polycystic ovaries syndrome is a problem that occurs in with the ovaries. A “polycystic ovary is characterized as being a tough, thickened, shiny white covering overlying a layer of many small cysts just under the ovarian surface.” (Thatcher, 10). That was the description that was found in the French manuscript and is still being used to this day for doctors to define polycystic ovaries. A wedge resection in the early 1900’s was the first form of treatment for this syndrome. PCOS involves more than just the ovaries filled with small cysts. Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome causes infertility in women.
Hysterectomy is a common surgical procedure in the United States, with approximately 600,000 hysterectomies performed each year (Whiteman et al., 2008). Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus and may be accompanied by bilateral or unilateral oophorectomy (Appiah, 2015). Rates of hysterectomies increased, from years 1965-2002. Since then a 34% reduction in hysterectomy rates has been reported, in 2010 (Lobo, 2016). Hysterectomy may be accompanied by the removal of one or both of the ovaries to decrease the risk of ovarian cancer and in some cases for an indication other than cancer, such as treating fibroid tumors or excess bleeding (Moorman, 2011).
Stromal tumors form in the connective tissue cells that hold the ovary together and produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Two common types of Stromal tumors are: granulose cell and sertoli-leydig tumors. These tumors are quite rare and are usually considered low-grade cancers.They make up about 5% of ovarian cancer diagnoses.
There are four stages to diagnosing ovarian cancer, determined by how far the cancer has spread in the body. Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree in which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows; stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
Deering, S.H. (2004). Abruptio placentae. Department of obstetrics and gynecology: Madigan army medical center, 2, 3.
Being able to identify lumps, swelling, tissue damage, cysts, and the overwhelming news of the sex of a baby all have something in common, an ultrasound. Swelling of the spleen, kidney stones, blood clots, aneurysms, cancer and so much more can be identified through the works of an ultrasound’s imaging technique. Ultrasound involves many concepts, procedures, and careers. The amount of medical possibilities involved with ultrasounds is useful in major medical diagnostics. The field of ultrasounds and career opportunities are widely growing. As medical careers flourish, needs for technicians in many fields of medicine are increasing. Instead of a doctor choosing complex and risky surgery to find out problems within the body, they can now choose a safer path; the ultrasound path. Patient’s history and physical evaluation are building blocks to diagnostics but ultrasounds are much greater. They are powerful tools used to see beyond the skin into the depths of a person’s body. What ultrasounds are, what types there are, and what they are used for, and the education and careers available are the major themes found in research on the subject. Knowledge of ultrasound and its background may help one decide what career is best for them. Understanding the wide array of diagnostic tests and their uses are essential to figuring out what a career as a sonographer entails and the type of education that is needed. Because there are plenty of possibilities for specializing with different technologies, there is a wide variety of job opportunities in the medical imaging career. The call for ultrasound’s assistance opens new paths in future high-quality careers.
Ultrasound Technicians are very valuable in the world of health care. Also known as Diagnostic Medical Sonographer, an Ultrasound Technician uses special machines and equipment that operates on sound waves to determine or diagnose medical problems for patients. There are specializations within this field in which some individuals explore. For instance, areas of specialization includes but not limited to; pregnancy, heart health, gynecology, and abdominal sonography. Although each specializing branch has its own distinctive function, they all involve probing the body to facilitate doctors with diagnoses.
Endometriosis is when the endometrial lining of the uterus bleeds and attaches to other organs and healthy tissues in the body. There is no one organ endometriosis favors it had been known to attach to the bladder, bowel, intestines and fallopian tubes. All though it has been found in the lungs and heart.
future career, that is to be an obstetrician, also known as an OB/GYN. Some of the topics that will be discussed in my paper are those pertaining to exactly what an obstetrician is and the requirements that are needed in order to become an obstetrition. These requirements will include the pyhsical and phsyschological personality traits of a potential obstetrician. The type of schooling that is nessecary, including the preperation that is available at Middlesex County College, and the average number of years that it takes in order to become an obstetrician. The demand for obstetricians will also be researched, along with the different promotional ranks that are available. Starting salaries, as well as potential salaries will be explained. The reasons as to why a career in obstetrics appeals to me and the other possible career choices that I may decide to persuade in the future.
"Endometrial Cancer Staging - EMedicineHealth: Symptoms, Prognosis, Treatment and Risk Factors by." Endometrial Cancer. Web. 07 Jan. 2012. .
During a normal menstrual cycle, the lining of your uterus thickens and then sheds when a fertilized egg doesn't attach, resulting in your period. But when this lining starts to grow outside of the uterus, like on your ovaries or inside the pelvic cavity, it becomes inflamed, grows, and essentially has nowhere to go, says Ghadir. The result is severe pelvic pain, usually during your period, along with significant scarring to the surrounding tissue. It may also lead to large cysts on your ovaries called endome...