~ In the 17th century, Galileo inferred that there was a relationship between mechanical forces and bone morphology, when he noted that body weight and activity were, related to bone size. ~
Julius Wolff ~
In 1892, ~ his Magnum Opus "The law of transformation of the bone" was, published.
There were only a few early pioneers in the field of bone adaption, and then a publication, which came from an East Prussian surgeon from the “Friedrich-Wilhelms University to Berlin” (Charité institute 2014). J. W Wolff; had become a fan of Carl Culmann and Christian H. Von Meyer, the first was a renowned structural engineer who wrote about the “Theoretical Stress Analysis of the Femur” and the latter was a palaeontologist (providing a strong background on bone structure and mechanics). Meyer was known for his- documentation of the plateosaurus and the teratorsaurus, and many others. Wolff was able to associate the works of these gentlemen toward his own as a surgeon, giving rise to “Wolff’s postulate”.
Wolff considered the tissue mechanisms by which remodeling may arise, and in particular to that, which related to the active turnover of bone as recognized by Von Volkmann, Some of Wolff’s deductions were all the more remarkable when you consider his observations were made prior to the discovery of x-rays and modern techniques of tissue and cell biology. (De Gruyter, 1993)
Wolff overlooked the fact that the concept of ductile and compressive stress, applies to compact structures, whilst he was considering the overall organization of a non-solid structure i.e. trabeculae with intervening spaces. Whereas he briefly discussed tissue change, he passed over exploring the role of cells; an unusual lapse given one of his colleagues was Dr. Rudolf...
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..., Vol. 16 2008 (pages 56 - 68) ISSN 1473-2262 the importance of loading frequency, rate and vibration for enhancing bone adaptation and implant osteointegration a. Torcasio, g.h. Van lenthe, and h. Van Oosterwyck* division of biomechanics and engineering design, k.u. Leuven, leuven, Belgium
13. Life 2014, 4, 117-130; doi:10.3390/life4020117 Life ISSN 2075-1729 www.mdpi.com/journal/life Review The Role of Mechanical Stimulation in Recovery of Bone Loss—High versus Low Magnitude and Frequency of Force Mamta Patel Nagaraja 1 and Hanjoong Jo
14. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 37 No. 2, March/April 2000 Pages 209—216 The mechanobiology of cancellous bone structural adaptation Christopher R. Jacobs, PhD Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
In this paper I will clarify the relation between the integumentary system and the skeletal system. During this paper I will address how the two systems work together to maintain homeostasis and what occurs when balance is not maintained between the integumentary and skeletal system. During this paper I will explain how osteoporosis is directly linked between both the integumentary and skeletal system and ways to prevent or yield this disease.
The skeleton had a hideous impact to the community and was predicted by local investigators to be reasonably modern. To get better understanding and avoid confusion, a bone sample was sent to a laboratory in the USA for investigation and analysation using series of scientific
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37. Nisell R. (1985) Mechanics of the knee: A study of joint and muscle load with clinical applications. Acta Orthop Scand 216; 1-42. Oatis C. (2009)
Bones are dense and provide support and structure to the body. The two types of bones is compact and spongy bones. Compact bones are dense and tough. Spongy bones are not as dense and are flexable. Bone remodeling occurs n 120-day cycles. Over the first 20 days resorption by osteoclasts occurs. Osteoclasts release proteases, clears away damaged bone, and releases matrix-bound growth factors. Bone formation occurs by osteoblasts over the last 100 days. Osteoblasts fill in bone cavity with bone matrix.
Directed and written by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber, the movie “Butterfly Effect” is about a young man (Kutcher) who blacks out harmfull memories of significant events of his life. As he grows up he finds a way to remember these lost memories and a supernatural way to alter his life. This movie teaches a simple lesson about life: one little thing in the past can change the whole outcome of life later. The book Bonesetter’s Daughter, by Amy Tan, also has something to do with past, as it is narrated by two people, mother and daughter, who talk about themselves, constantly referring back to the memories of their childhood. They regret the mistakes they have made as a little girl. If only they didn’t make the mistake in the past, they would have a totally different fate then.
Born in Gotha, Germany in 1752, Blumenbach went on to Jena to study medicine. He completed his doctoral training at Gottingen in 1775. Just a year later, he was appointed as an extraordinary professor of medicine. His study of the history of man showing the value of using comparative anatomy and his classification of the five varieties of man were two important contributions made by Blumenbach (1911 Edition). He wasted no time in becoming one of the most influential members of the fields of comparative anatomy, zoology, physiology, anthropology, and craniology, in fact, Blumenbach is considered to be the founder of anthropology as well as craniology. In his construction of this new field of physical anthropology, he used the methods of natural historians, and applied those methods to the human species (Keith 106). Objectifying the study of mankind, Blumenbach collected numerous specimens from various races. Skulls, skin, hair and pictures were among the items collected. From each item, the location, as well as race of the item, was known and recorded. Prior to Blumenbach's systematized assortment of specimens, the only collections "consisted of miscellaneous oddities preserved in the 'cabinets' of noble houses, for the idle amusement of the curious." (Keith, 106). Blumenbach' s more complete collection allowed intensive study into the racial history of mankind, which is just what he wanted to do. Blumenbach was also the first to study the actual form of skulls (Retzius 283).
Bragg, Melvyn, On Giants' Shoulders: Great Scientists and Their Discoveries from Archimedes to DNA. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
So far, various techniques have been used for reconstruction and regeneration of maxillary and mandibular bone defects. Autogenous bone grafting, guided bone regeneration (GBR), distraction osteogenesis and nerve transpositioning are among these regenerative techniques (1-8). Decision making for the treatment could be influenced by the type, size and location of the bone defects (2, 3, 9, 10). GBR had high success rate in treating small alveolar defects such as dehiscence or fenestration. Regenerative bony walls around the defect with ingrowing blood vessels can begin osteogenesis (11) larger bone defects with insufficient regenerative walls and an low quality avascular bed need varied amount of autogeneous bone graft from extra oral or intra oral donor sites, however, the patient may suffer from complications in donor site as well as bone graft resorption.(10, 12-15)
Feder and Park present a list of traits that are used by paleoanthropologists to distinguish the appearance of skeletal features and characterize these changes over time. Th...
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
Spongy bone or cancellous bone, much lighter than compact bone, provides the body support and flexibility. The cancellous bone may turn into compact bone through osteoblasts
The skeletal provides functions such as support, protection, and movement. The skeletal system provides a framework that supports the body with muscles attached to them acting as levers allowing for movement. As bones are very rigid they provide support for vital organs such as the heart, lungs and brain. A physiological function of the skeletal system is the production of stem cells through red bone marrow found in the proximal epiphysis (the ends) which can become lymphocytes (white blood cells), erythrocytes (red blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets).
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
The skeletal system is composed of two hundred and six bones in the human body. Functions such as the tendons, cartilage, and ligaments connect the bones and tissues together. Bone tissues make up about 18% of the weight of the human body. There are two types of tissue inside the bones. They consist of; compact bone and spongy bone. First, compact bone depicts the main shaft of long bones in the human body such as the arms and legs. Its tissue is dense and hard and it also makes up the outer layer of most bones in our body. Meanwhile, spongy bone tissue is made up of smaller plates occupied with red bone marrow. Mostly, it is found at the ends of long bones such as the head of the femur.
Through the use of the microscope and the discovery of DNA, there were many advances in anatomy and physiology throughout the twentieth century to the present time. However, the early discoveries by Erasistratus and Herophilus as well as the others created a foundation for the future scientists to base their research off of, which impacted where we are today in the field and contributed to the great advances that have been made in anatomy and physiology.