Complete means when a fracture is completely though the bone. A communited fracture is when the broken bone has shattered into numerous smaller pieces. Intertrochanteric is when a fracture is located between the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the femur.
Question 2
Draw a picture of what you think Margaret’s fracture looks like.
Question 3
The radiologist reported signs of osteoporosis. Describe the characteristics of an osteoporotic femur as seen on an X-ray. (How does it differ in appearance from a normal femur?)
Osteoporosis is noticeable when there is a decrease in bone volume. The changes in the osteoporotic femur include:
- The outer layer of compact bone around the epiphyses thinning
- The bony collar around the
…show more content…
The tough compact bone is not needed in the middle therefore compressive and tearing forces cancel each other out mid-way through the bone.
Question 5
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
The bony collar of long bones is the one that is designed to help support the weight of the body and withstand compressive stress.
Epiphysis, is spherical in shape and is located at both the distal and proximal end of a long bone. It consists of an irregular latticework of needle-like threads of bone called trabeculae. Therefore, the spongy bone in the epiphyses help to withstand compressive forces. It passes on strength to a bone by adding minimum weight. The trabeculae also helps to develop the weight of the body out of the bony collar of the diaphysis.
Question 6
Surgeons performed an open reduction of Margaret’s fracture, immobilising the bones with internal pins.
Describe the changes a fractured bone undergoes as it is healing.
Healing process
…show more content…
A number of outcomes can occur including infections in the respiratory system, possibly a further loss of bone volume, bedsores can develop or even thrombophlebitis. An important point is a prolonged bedrest results in having less stress put on the skeleton- meaning there would be a loss of bone mass.
Question 8
What risk factors does Margaret have for osteoporosis?
Margaret has several risk factors for osteoporosis:
This includes:
- The lifestyle factor: smoking
- Low levels of physical activity, because she is not placing much stress on her skeleton
- She could possibly have a low calcium intake and low vitamin D levels
- The fact she is an elderly women; as women are at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis because of the rapid decline in oestrogen levels during menopause.
Question 9
What parts of the skeleton (i.e. what bones) are most vulnerable to the ravages of osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis weakens mostly bones with a large percentage of spongy bone. The parts of the skeleton which are most vulnerable to osteoporosis are:
- The vertebrae
- A major bone that is frequently fractured is the proximal femur due to
Osteoporosis is the loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone matrix resulting in brittle and fragile bones (Weber & Kelley, 2014). The rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation, therefore, causing bones to become porous and under stress, can fracture (Drake, Clarke, & Lewiecki, 2015). Conditions that contribute to osteoporosis include poor nutrition, menopause, long-term use of glucocorticoid therapy, and hyperthyroidism are only a few conditions. These conditions all have several related factors that contribute to osteoporosis, breakdown of bone or prevention of bone remodeling. For instance, inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium can lead to osteoporosis because they are necessary for bone
There are many different diseases that can affect our skeletal system and Osteoporosis is one of them. Osteoporosis lessens bone strength and bone density (amount of bone mineral in bone tissue), which will lead to fragile bones. It mainly affect the hips, ribs, spine, and wrists. Male or female, at any age, can get this but it is mostly occurs in older women (Team, 2016). Osteoporosis is very common, there are more than 3 million cases a year. There are many causes/risk factors, symptoms, and some treatment cases. About 54 million Americans have Osteoporosis and low bone mass (Foundation, 2016).
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
Osteoporosis is a condition, in which bones are weak from deterioration, loss of bone mass, and quality-bone strength. Osteoporosis usually triggers postmenopausal women (women who have not had their period for a whole year), or older men and women. Some risks both older men and women endure when experiencing Osteoporosis are decrease of calcium and bone fractures. These symptoms or effects can all be caused by weight loss, smoking, age, ethnicity, genetics, medications, bone structure, and certain diseases that can later on contribute to Osteoporosis, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis may be prevented by going to drug therapy to stop alcoholism and smoking, a sufficient amount of calcium intake, and exercising; such as jogging, walking,
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Osteoporosis is a silent, complex, multifactorial, chronic disease characterized by the progressive loss of bone density, which leads to the risk of imminent fractures (1). Osteoporosis "Osteo" is Latin for bone. "Pores" means "full of pores or holes." Thus, osteoporosis means "bones that are full of holes"(1). The bone mass reflects the balance between formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Around the third decade of life the peak bone mass is reached, and then begins a slow process more continuous bone loss progresses with age(1). Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), the deterioration of the microarchitecture of cancellous or trabecular bone, and changes in the physical
3. The radiologist reported signs of osteoporosis. Describe the characteristics of an osteoporotic femur as seen on an X-ray. (How does it differ in appearance from a normal femur?)
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become so weak and brittle that even a cough can cause enough stress on the bone that it will cause the bone to facture. The most commonly broken bones are the hip, wrist, and the spine. Although it affects men and women of all races, post-menopausal Caucasian and Asian women are more commonly affected than those of other ethnicities and sexes. In fact, thirty percent of all post-menopausal women in the US and Europe will be diagnosed with Osteoporosis and at least 40 percent of those will suffer from a fracture in their lifetime.
Osteoporosis is a systemic, debilitating disease of the skeleton, characterized by significantly decreased bone mass in combination with the deterioration of bone microarchitecture. Osteoporosis has three types of categories the first category is type 1 which occurs in women after menopause and results from declining levels of estrogen and other sex hormones in the body, this could also occur in men due to low levels of the sex hormone testosterone. Type 2 is called Senile Osteoporosis, which occurs in elderly men as well as elderly women because of decreased bone formation due to aging. Type 3 is caused by long term use of medication usually with steroids and drugs to treat elipsy. Osteoporosis which literally means “Porous Bone”,
Osteoporosis is one of the main types of bone diseases that is more commonly developed in the adult years of men and women, but can also affect younger aged people too. This disease contributes to “…decrease bone mass, increased skeletal fragility, and an increased risk of fractures…” (Caple & Schub. 2014). Bones are constantly being replaced by new bone hence it is living tissue. Osteoporosis eventually occurs when new bone has failed to be developed. In Canada, “1.5 million Canadians 40 years of age or older (10%) reported having been diagnosed with osteoporosis, of which, women were 4 times more likely to report having osteoporosis than men” (“What is the impact,” 2010). Women are at greater risk then men because the hormone changes in women can affect the bone density. Estrogen is essential for bone density but after menopause the levels fall resulting in bone loss. On the other hand, the cause for men is still unknown. However, testosterone: the male hormone helps to keep bones healthy. Even though men still produce the male hormone at an old age, there is still a risk of osteoporosis because the levels have dropped. Occasionally bone loss occurs without any cause, and later realizing that it is a silent theif when you ultimately develop symptoms (“Osteoporosis – Review,” 2014). In most instances osteoporosis is preventable, even though it is not reversible and harmful disease.
The human body is structured by the skeletal system which includes over 200 bones that help protect vital organs. There are five classifications of bones which are long bone, short bone, flat bone, sesamoid bone, and irregular bone, and each bone is classified within one of the categories by their gross anatomical features (Allen and Harper 2014). A bone is classified as long when the length of the bone is longer than the width like the femur bone is. Short bones are classified by having the same measurement of length and width and are what make up the tarsals and carpals. Sesamoid bones are small bones that are found in tendons located in the patella and flat bones are flat, of course, and may be curved slightly like the ribs are. Lastly,
The fractures are also closely related to bone material. There are different types of bones and wide range of properties for the same type of bone among different peo- ple. Femur bones are consist of two type, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Corti- cal bone is significantly higher in density and Young’s modulus (Dieter Christian Wirtz et al., 2000; Critical evaluation of known bone material properties to realize anisotropic FE-simulation of the proximal femur). Cancellous bone is porous, thus lower in both density and Young’s modulus. In the femur, cancellous bone mainly distributes in upper extremity and lower extremity while cortical bone consist mainly the middle shaft bone. Femur bone is light and strong which is hardly bro- ken in static state. However in many high speed impact situations femur is likely broken. The FEA(finite element analysis) method helps apply different kinds of load and force on to the femur model and reveal detail information of it.
Compact bone tissue is one of two types of bone, with the other being Spongy bone tissue. These bones are considered to be a vital aspect of the Human skeletal structure as their intricate microscopic structure provides strength to the skeletal frame as well as support and protection to the body’s organs. Although, Compact bone are designed and for the most part are, very strong structures, occasionally a Fracture may occur. A Fracture is specifically defined as “a complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of excessive force” (medical dictionary, 2014). With ‘excessive forces’ possibly alluding to large axial load being applied to bones in activities such as; falling from heights , road traffic accidents and the application of unnatural rotation to a bone, the latter two situations can be applied as possible causes for the Spiral Fracture mentioned in this poster. Upon occurrence, fractures are dealt with in a controlled way and undergo four phases of fracture healing with the bone returning to its former self after bone remodelling which may take several years.This image features an Osteon. This unit in the bone contains a central tube, called the Haversian Canal which carries blood (vessels) and nerve supplies to the Osteocytes.The circle here shows a Lacuna. These pockets within the Bony matrix contain mature bone cells called Osteocytes.Osteocytes are mature bone cells which “maintain the surrounding bone tissue, dealing with the metabolic requirements, waste products, mineral homeostasis” (Bone cells, 1996) particularly Calcium, Phosphorus and Collagen.The Volkmann’s canals are canals within the bony matrix which transport nutrients from the Haversian canal to the bone tissue and Periosteum for th...
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
All compact bone is made up of cylindrical osteons which are made of concentric rings of matrix called lamellae. Osteons house all the inner workings of bone and the cells within it. Haversian canals run through the hollow middles of osteons and carry blood vessels and nerves into the bone. Running perpendicular to the Haversian canals are Volkmann's canals, “connecting vascular and nerve supplies of periosteum to those in haversian canals and medullary