1: Part 1
1. The male hit in the face with a softball is showing an immediate response to tissue damage that led to the swelling of the eyelids because there are several blood vessels (arteries and veins) surrounding the ocular tissues such as maxillary artery, superficial branch of temporal artery, palpebral artery, and lacrimal artery tend to vasodilate which increase the blood flow resulting in the swelling of the eyelids.1 Increase in pain(dolor), redness(rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and loss of function can be experienced by the patient. 1
Ecchymosis, sometimes called raccoon eye,, is a form of hematoma after traumatic injury that is greater than 10mm more than 1cm in diameter.2 Blood extravasates into the thin layer of the
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The main blood supply to the orbit derives from Internal Carotid Artery (ICA).3 From the head and neck region, Common Carotid Artery divides into ICA and external artery which is extremely important because it directly supplies blood to the cranial nerves, dura, and orbit. 3
Orbit and medial lid are supplied by Facial and Angular artery branch whereas superficial temporal artery supplies the superior and frontal orbit area. 3 When the Ophthalmic vessels are absent, middle meningeal artery supplies the orbit. Occipital, Internal Maxillary, Anterior Deep Temporal, and Infraorbital arteries are some of the additional vessels that supply blood to the orbit as well.
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The roof of the orbit is composed of two main structures called orbital plate of the frontal bone and part of lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. The floor of the orbit is composed of three main structures called maxillary bone, zygomatic bone, and palatine bone. The medial wall of the orbit is composed of orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, maxillary bone, and sphenoid bone. The lateral wall of the orbit is composed of orbital surface of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Weakest bones are in the floor and medial wall of the orbit and if pressure is applied through the tissues or the sturdier bones usually causes blowout fractures. In addition, there are numerous 6 ocular muscles and other tissues that surround the orbit.
4. Hyphema is the phenomenon that red blood cells rush into the injured site (blunt trauma) such as ciliary body, iris, and trabecular meshwork (if RBCs are stuck here, it can lead to increase in IOP) where the excessive force tears the blood vessels and leads to accumulation of RBCs that can obscure the vision if not treated
Purpose- To identify the functions of the cranial nerve of the peripheral nervous system such as the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and the hypoglossal nerves. I will examine these functions with a series of behavior tests on my partner who is Jazmine Cooley to see if all nerves are functioning properly and if they are not, then this will be considered an identified dysfunction of a cranial nerve which is a diagnosis.
Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen rich blood is then returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body. The aorta is the main systemic artery and the largest artery of the body. It originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries which supply blood to the head region brachiocephalic artery, the heart itself coronary arteries, and the lower regions of the body.
The cardiovascular system - The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting nutrients and removing gaseous waste from the body. It consists of the heart, which powers the whole process, the veins, arteries, and capillaries, which deliver oxygen to tissue at the cellular level. The cardiovascular system carries blood that is low in oxygen away from the heart to the lungs via arteries, where oxygen levels are restored through the air once oxygenated, this blood is then carried throughout the body via arteries, keeping our organs and tissue alive. The cardiovascular system is the workhorse of the body, continuously moving to push blood to the cells. If this important system ceases its work, the body dies.
The Structure and Functions of the Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that convey blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The arteries expand and then constrict with each beat of the heart, a rhythmic movement that may be felt as the pulse. Arteries are usually named from the part of the body that they are found, for example; brachial artery found in the arms, metacarpal artery found in the wrist; or from the organ which they supply as the hepatic artery supplies the liver, pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood the lungs. The facial artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that passes up over the lower jaw and supplies the superficial portion of the face; the haemorrhoidal arteries are three vessels that supply the lower end of the rectum; the intercostal arteries are the arteries that supply the space between the ribs; the lingual artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the tongue. The structure of the artery enables it to perform its function more efficiently.
The remarkable strength of the bones in this system provides protection for the vulnerable organs in the body.
“Concussions in Sports and Recreation.” Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 8.1 (2007): 2-6. Print. The. Bartholet, Jeffery. A. “The Collision Syndrome.”
For closed head injury, it is a trauma in which the brain is injured as a result of a blow to the head, or a sudden, violent motion that causes the brain to knock against the skull. A closed head injury is different from an open head injury, in that no object actually penetrates the brain. Closed head injuries can be diffuse or focal which mean that they affect cells and tissues throughout the brain or the damage just occur in one area of the head. Closed head injuries can range from mild to severe. Common causes of closed head injury include automobile accidents, assault,
Blood is supplied to each meniscus by the medial genicular artery. Each meniscus can be divided into three circumferential zones: the red-red zone is the outer or peripheral one third and has a good vascular supply; the red-white zone is the middle one third and has a minimal blood supply; and the white-white zone on the inner one third is avascular (Arnheim,1997).
The only result from the testing consistent with a brain injury was the abnormal pupil response of the right eye (constriction) (Traumatic brain injury, 2015). The physical effects that could have pointed to a brain injury were the laceration to the right side of the gentleman’s head and the amount of blood loss. The complaints from the patient that may have insisted a brain injury included a severe headache, dizziness, and nausea (Traumatic brain injury, 2015).
Open and Closed injuries are that in which are resulting in impairment in one or more areas, such as cognition; Language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem-solving; sensory; perceptual; and motor abilities; Psychological behavior; physical functions; information processing; and speech. (exceptional lives: special-education in today schools) Open head injury is caused by penetration of the skull with direct injury to the head. Results may be from a bullet wound or any other penetration of the skull in any way which may cause fragments of the school to become lodged into the brain. Open head injuries of traumatic brain injuries can be just as serious as close head injuries. Now closed head injuries are when the school is intact and it has not been penetrated. Indirect or direct force to the head can cause this type of injury. It can result from a slip or fall, and can also result from a motor vehicle accident when the head has suffered major impact on either behind the head or the front of the
The arteries that take the blood to the head are found in something called aortic arch. After the blood goes through the arch, it’s distributed to the rest of the body. From the aorta, blood is sent to other arteries, where it gives oxygen to every cell.
of the eye, this is what gives form to the eyeball. The vascular tunic has three
The skeletal system is composed of two hundred and six bones in the human body. Functions such as the tendons, cartilage, and ligaments connect the bones and tissues together. Bone tissues make up about 18% of the weight of the human body. There are two types of tissue inside the bones. They consist of; compact bone and spongy bone. First, compact bone depicts the main shaft of long bones in the human body such as the arms and legs. Its tissue is dense and hard and it also makes up the outer layer of most bones in our body. Meanwhile, spongy bone tissue is made up of smaller plates occupied with red bone marrow. Mostly, it is found at the ends of long bones such as the head of the femur.
Head and facial injuries are very dangerous need to be prevented. Head injuries can cause death or permanent damage to an athlete for the rest of their lives. Facial injuries like hyphema can affect an athletes everyday life due to the decrease in visual performance. That’s why goggles or protective eyewear should be worn when playing a sport that has small round objects. These injuries can be prevented.