Self-justification is analyzed through observation and experience rather than through theory or pure logic, it is supported by rationalization of escalation of commitment. Grounded on motivating reasoning conjecture, it is reasoned that the need for self-justification influence escalation of commitment secondarily through other cognitive developments. The furtherance of a failing strategy characterizes a compelling incentive for self-justification. This phenomenon, is acknowledged as the escalation of commitment and is described as a propensity to become locked into a trajectory of action. Alternatively, instead of immobilizing the projects, decision makers intensify their dedication by perpetually continuing to authorize resources and persist …show more content…
Significantly, the structure of self-justification was first examined by Staw in 1976 in which the perspective of escalation was substantiated in the hypothesis of cognitive discord. Moreover, this theory insinuates that people have a convincing necessity to compress finds of cognitive discrepancies and seek to justify the judgment of past decisions to themselves and to others. The theory was prompted by the U.S. participation in the Vietnam War. Conversely, it is pertinent to many circumstances in which people have put money and effort into a failing progression of strategies as Staw persuasively recapitulates. Knowingly, like the Vietnam War effort, people invest in bonds, professions, and even marriages, and when these investments did not pay off, they did not necessarily disavow from the circumstances. Notably, instead, they actually invest further so as to turn the circumstance around to prove that their previous decision was the appropriate one. Moreover, the theory of self-justification hypothesizes that decision makers may encounter psychological embarrassment from cognitive discord as a direct consequence of negative criticism on prior investment evaluations. To vindicate their past assessments and paraphrase the precision of their original investments, decision makers will continue to assign resources to a failing progression of action and evade the psychological costs of failure. This stream of study is illustrated by Zhang and Baumeister where undergraduate students took part in a game in which they had a possibility to attain a jackpot. To persist in playing, students had to sporadically spend money. The study analyzed two conditions the ego-threat and the controlled. Additionally, in the ego-threat condition, participants' deprivation for self-justification was boosted by saying, "If you're the type of person who suffocates under strain or if
At the outset of the selected topic concerning Motivation and Satisfaction, it is imperative to clarify and elucidate what both these terms – Motivation; and Satisfaction– actually mean and connote in the psychological framework.
A person’s overbearing pride and ambition leads them to make rash decisions that make them regret why they did not think twice be...
Dan Gilbert had a wonderful talk about this issue: “What makes this dynamic inconsistency happen? Comparison. Troubling comparison.” In the same view, Penn State University also show that many decisions in life cause a feeling of dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is defined as conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors (McLeod, 2014). In the cognitive dissonance theory we have a drive to keep our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in harmony and avoid dissonance (Festinger, 1957). Moreover, Harvard Business Review stated that there’s some psychological reason for these decisions-making (Andrew Campbell, Jo Whitehead and Sydney Finkelstein, 2009): Pattern recognition, Emotional tagging is two main reason which can make a good leader makes bad decision. Besides, nine habits were considered as the possible reason why leaders make bad decisions: laziness, not anticipating unexpected events, indecisiveness, remaining locked in the past, having no strategic alignment, over-dependence, isolation, lack of technical depth and failure to communicate the what, where, when, and how associated with their decisions (Jack Zenger and Joseph Folkman, 2014). These terrible reason keep distracting leaders from going their right way, make their right
It is a very different motivation from what psychologists are used to dealing with but, as we shall see, nonetheless powerful” (p. 3). A few different factors determine the amount of dissonance individuals experience, including the degree to which one’s belief systems deviate from the regularity. Different cognitions, or types of knowledge, determine the overall strength of dissonance, for instance cognitions, which are connected to personal beliefs and the self, tend to result in stronger dissonance. Furthermore, the relation between dissonance and consonance could also play a role in the degree of strength of dissonance: the greater the dissonance, the more pressure there is to reduce it and reach consonance. When cognitive dissonance occurs, it often results in a conflict between a “person’s two beliefs or a belief and an action” (Festinger 1957, p.), and it is influential to individuals’ actions and behaviors. When a conflict arises, there are different steps individuals take to reduce the consequent dissonance. Festinger suggest three key strategies to minimize cognitive dissonance: (i) changing a behavioral cognitive element, or the focus is put on more supportive cognitive elements that outweigh the dissonant behavior; (ii) changing the environmental cognitive element, or the importance of the conflicting belief is reduced, and (iii) adding new cognitive elements, or the conflicting belief is changed in order to be consistent with other
There he stands atop the stairs of the Lincoln Memorial, in the nations’ capital, at a podium, speaking to the world. The crowds faces full of hope. Ears opened wide and clear, for the Dr. is speaking today. He is speaking from the heart and telling the nation that he has a “DREAM.” Dr. King had a dream and as most people think that it is geared towards blacks and whites, it’s not. Dr. King wanted equality between everybody. He wanted freedom from racism and prejudice throughout the nation. He was very good in getting the emotional perspective of persuasion across to his audience. King was a very inspirational man; his words were so true and full of meaning. He spoke to everyone and got everybody involved. This is why people followed him and why I think this is the most persuasive piece we have read. He not only implies his wants but he carries along with him the wants and needs of every man or woman ever treated poorly because of the color of their skin or their beliefs. There is a certain unexplainable meaning and feeling when a man like King steps up in front of the world and says, “I have a Dream.”
“Humans are not a rational animal, but a rationalizing one” (“Class 20”). This was asserted by the much acclaimed, significant, and influential social psychologist Leon Festinger as referencing to his theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Social psychology is “a branch of psychology particularly concerned with understanding social behaviors such as” incentive and compliance (Sheehy). Festinger’s contributions to the social and cognitive branches of psychology as well psychology overall prove themselves worthy to today. This theory specifically challenged many common notions that were seemingly already accepted by behaviorists everywhere during his time (Tavris and Aronson). Its reality awakens its verifications. Consecutively, its “enormous motivational power” affects many on a daily basis (Tavris and Aronson). In the final analysis, the theory of Cognitive Dissonance by Leon Festinger is fundamental to behaviorism while directly changing the way human beings across the planet think and do.
Possessing an underutilized brain is like making a billion dollars, but simply hiding the money away forever: there are so many opportunities that stem from it, but it is worthless because it is never put to use. Rene Descartes felt this way himself, as he said, “It is not enough to have a good mind. The main thing is to use it well.” I wholeheartedly agree with this quote; a mind is the most precious of commodities but one’s brain is not employed, than it is as useless as a pile of dirt. Still, not only does one have to make use of their mind, it must be in a way that can benefit society. Only than has one truly “used it well.” Despite what some may believe, it is not enough to simply be intelligence; one must use it to make something of themselves.
The human psyche frequently experiences the phenomena of internal contradiction, followed by an internal struggle for some semblance of balance or consistency (Hall, 1998). Cognitive dissonance acts as motivation for people to behave in a manner that effectively reduces said dissonance and restores balance. Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance explores this occurrence and the subsequent actions that people take in order to create a balance between their ideals.
Erik Erikson composed a theory of psychological development that was composed of eight stages. Erikson’s theory focuses on how personalities evolve throughout life as a result of the interaction between biologically based maturation and the demands of society. According to Erikson, “Each stage of human development presents its characteristic crises. Coping well with each crisis makes an individual better prepared to cope with the next.” (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2013, p. 314) According to Erikson’s eight stages of development, I have only been through six of the eight stages.
The first theory is the fundamental attribution error. This theory argues that people tend over estimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the situational factors. Psychologists argue that this is such a common error because humans tend to think of themselves as flexible, and ever changing. People do not like to think of themselves as a “type” of person. When a person does not have enough information to make a balanced decision they attribute behavior to disposition. In Western culture placing the blame on the individual is a common practice. An important study to investigate fundamental attribution is Lee et al. (1977). The aim of his experiment was to see if students would make the fundamental attribution error even when they knew that all the actors were just playing a role. In the study, Lee assigned students a role. They were assigned as either a game s...
A tenet of Buddhist philosophy for centuries, self-compassion has recently emerged as a promising intervention in Western Psychology with the potential to yield greater life satisfaction, social connectedness, emotional intelligence, and happiness while minimizing anxiety, depression, shame, fear of failure, and burnout (Barnard & Curry, 2011). In Buddhist tradition, a self-compassionate individual responds to his/her personal suffering with wisdom, loving-kindness, and mindfulness that extends beyond the self to all others who are suffering (Reyes, 2011). The Western definition of self-compassion derives mainly from the work
“Self-discipline begins with the mastery of your thoughts. If you do not control what you think, you cannot control what you do. Simply, self-discipline enables you to think first and act afterward.”
Introspection of oneself could be interesting and moderately to an extent challenging to put into words. There are many factors that influences who we are as an individual or as a part of a group. Generally speaking I believe we all wear several masks that portray us in different ways according to our settings and who we are around. Ever since I was able to get allowances and old enough to work, I invested in cameras in order to capture the various aspects of my life. I always thought I would reflect back on them to describe the moments, where I was in my life and my views during those moments. I could describe myself as many things; an outgoing, shy, caring, loyal, trustworthy, kind, an altruistic and conscientious person and etc. These are the ways I view myself, while others might have a different prospective of me. Gazing through the six pictures of myself reflects my perceived self-control, self-concept and self-presentation at the different stages within my life.
I frequently think about the effects of words on the healing body and mind. One of the things that I focus on in my therapeutic pursuits is "positive self talk," wherein I try to take those automatic negative statements my brain tosses out and change the dialogue to something more productive.
Hi, my name is Rob Geis and I am currently in grade 12. I have been at County High School for a year now; I joined at the start of 11th grade, and have thoroughly enjoyed myself here. The school is great, the people are fantastic and the atmosphere is one that makes you actually want to go to school. Before I joined ASB I was studying at the Singapore American School for two years and prior to that I was at the International School of Kuala Lumpur for two years. I was born and raised here in Bombay city and grew up here.