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History of skyscrapers paper
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Introduction.
The late 19th and early 20th century was an important time and turning point in the eventual development of skyscrapers. It is during this time that various technological and design aspects that would eventually shape the future of skyscrapers started to gain root. Two important buildings developed between this time periods include the Empire State building in New York and Monadnock building in Chicago. Although they were built about 40 years apart, they are much more similar than one would imagine. They both were of great significance and impact on the design, economics, and society although they were built in completely different eras.
The Monadnock Building, Chicago.
Christened the fountainhead of modern architecture, the Monadnock
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As a bold building that challenged what was considered acceptable, the Monadnock is a building that has greatly shaped the course of skyscrapers not only in Chicago but the world over. The clean façade employed on the Monadnock is now extensively used on most modern skyscrapers. The decadent ornamentation and protrusions of the previous era gave way to a more focused and functional building style.
At one time the building was one the tallest and biggest self-supporting building ever. This would not have been possible without the iron reinforcement cage support employed to add more reinforcement strength to the wall. People consequently discovered that steel was much better than iron and would make a very good reinforcement as well as allow for taller skyscrapers.
Impact on Economics and Society.
The Monadnock was of great economic and societal impact not just in South loop but also to the greater City of Chicago. The huge success of the building helped catalyze the building of many more skyscrapers in the vicinity which led to the development of a new business center in the area. This rapid development of buildings and the renewed interest in Chicago as a business hub helped revitalize its economy only 22 years after the city was devastated by a destructive fire. exist also benefited due to the advent of taller buildings that could accommodate more enterprises as well as much more objectified and focused
Skyscrapers are amazing! Architectural defeats. Wonders of the world. How are they able to withstand even the strongest of winds and earthquakes?
Dell Upton is a historian and renowned professor of architecture and Urbanism at the University of California. He has published several books on architecture; one of them is “Architecture in the United States”, published in 1998. In this book, Upton analyzes the architecture of the United States in different aspects, such as nature, money and art, thus depicting the great variety in architectural forms, and how throughout the decades, different interests have lead communities to different ways of building, different purposes and materials, thus reflecting their way of thinking and their relationship with the environment. By exploring so many different architectural styles, Upton reveals the great diversity and richness that has always, and continues to characterize American architecture.
...state and local governments to drastically revise the skyscraper building codes in the United States. It would cost far too much money to implement all of the standards that are being requested by state legislatures. In addition, there are many methods that have proven to be more effective means of reducing the threat of terrorism surrounding this country. Though some of the suggested codes have been passed and are now currently in the code, an instant change to building regulations is unlikely. The need for many of these modifications is still under debate and their fates are yet to be determined. Good has come out of the efforts to modify high-rise construction codes, but the potentially beneficial aspects are far outweighed by the negative. Skyscrapers stand tall despite the terrible events of 9/11 and should not be unnecessarily altered because of them.
However, the success of the building schemes relied on the construction methods and innovations that are now attributed as bei...
James F. O'Gorman, Dennis E. McGrath. ABC of Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. Document. October 2013.
“In the Cause of Architecture” is an essay written by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1908. In this work, Wright outlines many of his architectural values. This text goes into great detail about the philosophy behind Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture, as well as many important milestones in his life, such as working for Adler and Sullivan. This text is useful because it comes straight from Frank Lloyd Wright himself. It talks about many things important to his role as a notable American, such as his influences for his architecture and his architectural
Next, The Eiffel Tower is a renowned monument for France. Being that it was originally built as an entrance way, some precautions were made. The safety token was moveable staging, guard rails and screens only one man died during construction. (Eiffel Tower). The tower stands 320 meters tall it uses over 18,000 pieces in the steel structure. Each year the high heats cause the structure to grow six inches, but then retracts back after the summer time. So, that is why the idea of thermal rivets were used in assembly, because the rivets allow the structure to keep its shape. Over 2.5 million rivets were used. (Eiffel ...
Daniel H. Burnham was a very influential American architect in the late 1890’s and early 1900’s. He helped rebuild Chicago after the Great Fire, helped develop the modern skyscraper, and helped revolutionize urban planning. His plan to redesign Chicago still influences designs today of modern cities, and his “Flat Iron” building is still one of the most well-known buildings of the twentieth century.
Works Cited Journal articles: • Lane, Thomas. “Crazy Angles, Soaring Steel.” Building vol. 274 no. 8588 (28) 2009, July 17, pp. 40-46.
Still today it is used as a tower block and office, so it didn’t change. The design of the Empire State Building’s structure was affected by the people when it was built, because I think they didn’t have near the technology in 1929 that we have today. They didn’t have all the really high tech machines that we have today. Back in 1929 imagine how much bigger they might of build the Empire State Building if they would of had our modern, high tech
One World Trade Center (WTC) is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere measuring up at 1776 feet tall. The built output sets new standards of design, construction, and prestige. Its beauty in New York City’s magical skyline makes it an icon. It is the most recognised and desirable office address in the world. In this essay I plan to argue that the social, political and economic status of society has affected the built output of this building considerably, for the good. Making the building one of the best skyscrapers in the world.
The construction of the Empire State Building in New York City, NY first started on March 17, 1930 and not too long later on May 1, 1931 it was officially opened. The three architects William F. Lamb, Richmond H. Shreve,
It is common knowledge that steel structures revolutionized building design during the early 20th century. It is less well known, however, the impact concrete has had on building design - particularly in skyscrapers. Concrete is an old building material, dating well back into prehistoric times. Yet its application for building tall structures was only truly begun to realized in the early 20th century. Concrete systems in skyscrapers are a unique brand of structure. They incorporate many different elements, and have a variety of different requirements. Many buildings constructed out of concrete were not built until after the 1960's, but the foundations for proceeding with concrete were laid before then. Concrete construction opened the door to new possibilities in architecture, provided unique opportunities for designers, and helped to begin the creation of the skyscrapers we can see today.
...n most part if steel were to be used in a Type I structure, it would be to reinforce the concrete because concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensil strength. If there is any exposed steel, it is fire proofed with a fire retardant. Mainly the fire hazards that firefighters have to face in these structures are usually because of human error during the construction of the buildings or when occupants are occupying the building. In a construction sites welding, cutting, plumber’s torches, electrical wiring, and heaters all pose a fire hazard. The other risk of this type of building would be of a collapse of the concrete walls or floors during construction.
The usage of concrete was explored by the Early Christian and Roman architects but fell out of use throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance period. The material was only fully explored again in the later half of the 19th century but only for mundane purposes where the material was cheap, easy to work with, and versatile, but most importantly it’s fireproof characteristic. In 1870, the idea of reinforcing the concrete was born; steel rods were to be inserted to increase its strength. Taking this principle, Ernest Ransome (America) and Francois Hennebique (France) both developed frame systems. From this, open plan workspaces with large windows were created and it was proved to be well accommodated where fire had previously been a danger. Hennebique’s system used slim vertical posts, thin parallel beams on brackets and floor slabs; this resulted somewhat like a timber frame. Concrete was one of the most flexible materials and one with a least determining form. Concrete relied on its mould and the intelligence of its designer to give it aesthetic qualities for one to appreciate it. This became much more obvious when the architects of the last 19th century attempted to discover a style based on this material.