In building construction and in fire prevention there are organizations that have created a useful system on how to determine what type of building falls under which category. The ICC (International Code Council) and the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) create these building codes for the safety of firefighters. The two most commonly known standards for building classifications are the NFPA 5000 and also the International Building Code (IBC). The two are very similar, however, they different on sub-categorizing. The International Building Code uses Roman numerals behind the type of construction. In addition to subcategories with letters for each five classes and the amount of fire resistance provided for each building. NFPA uses Roman numerals behind the type of construction. Unlike the IBC, NFPA uses a 3-digit number system behind that to sub categorize the fire hourly rating for the load-bearing walls, for the beams and columns, and for the floor construction. The IBC and NFPA breaks down construction in to five classes, Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, and Type V.
Type V buildings are known as wood frame construction. To break Type V constructions to the basics, they are constructed of lightweight materials to save the contractor money. This type of construction is the most dangerous to firefighter due to the lightweight, cost effective materials used. Some of the wood frame buildings are Log cabins, Post and frame, Balloon Frame, platform frame, plank and beam, and truss frame.
Log cabins are structures that are built out of tree logs. The ends are notched in order...
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...n most part if steel were to be used in a Type I structure, it would be to reinforce the concrete because concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensil strength. If there is any exposed steel, it is fire proofed with a fire retardant. Mainly the fire hazards that firefighters have to face in these structures are usually because of human error during the construction of the buildings or when occupants are occupying the building. In a construction sites welding, cutting, plumber’s torches, electrical wiring, and heaters all pose a fire hazard. The other risk of this type of building would be of a collapse of the concrete walls or floors during construction.
There are two different styles of log home construction. The first is manufactured log homes also known as kit homes. The logs are mechanically shaped into uniform dimensions. Manufactured logs may also be milled round or rectangular in profile with endless variations. The second type of construction is handcrafted. The natural characteristics of the logs are preserved to show off their individuality and the joinery of the logs is done with hand held tools. There are three different styles of logs. The first is a D shape log for the exterior log look and flat indoor appearance. The second is fully rounded logs to give the full log look on both the interior and exterior. The third is a square log that gives the appearance of timber construction, being flat on all four sides, with the advantages of log building. Depending on the manufacturer and your corner type, milled logs also come with tongue and grooves on the top and bottom of the logs for a more secure fit.
Brannigan, Francis L, and Glenn P. Corbett. Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. Sudbury, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2007. Print.
It is a stand-alone structure with the closest building approximately 24 feet away from it on the D side of the building. The structure is surrounded by blacktopped driveways, parking lots, and cement sidewalks. To the far rear is a wooded area that is also approximately 24 feet from the structure. The building is an older building with type 3 ordinary construction with a mostly combustible interior and a non-combustible masonry for the exterior with a flat steel-truss floor-ceiling assembly. This type of roof provides a large space between the ceiling and the roof where duct work for the HVAC and sprinkler systems have been run as well as wires for 360° video monitoring equipment throughout the building. With this type of roof system, firefighters should be able to make aggressive ventilation using saws; however, because safety is paramount, crews should always remain on ledger walls or structural members while working. By making sounding and diagnostic cuts they can determine the location of structural members while still allowing the ventilation crew to monitor the roof conditions and act accordingly. There is a ladder running from the base of side C (back) of the building up to the top of the roof allowing firefighters access to the roof. There is no basement in this
...). Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. 4th ed. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett.
Makeshift dwellings may not be the dream homes of yesteryear, but they are simple, affordable, and sustainable in their use of salvaged materials. With imaginative designers, they could help solve the present housing
There are many different types of bridges, but the most common is the beam bridge. Other types of bridges are the truss bridge, arch bridge, suspension bridge, deck truss bridge, and through truss. The beam bridge has a horizontal beam that is supported by piers or pillars at each end. If the bridge is too long then it becomes quite weak. The truss bridge is made of steel bars and beams placed into triangle formations (Bridge Basics). There are two different types of truss bridges, the deck truss and the through truss. The deck truss has the roadway above the trusses and in the through truss bridge the roadway goes through the trusses (Lamb, Robert). The arch bridge was built by the Romans with stone. Today most arch bridges are built out of steel or concrete and span up to 800 feet. Lastly,
Type III construction is also known as Ordinary or Masonry construction. Type III construction is the most common construction type in urban areas. Masonry is one of the oldest and simplest building materials; its use dates back thousands of years (IFSTA, 2016, p. 217) Ordinary construction consists of masonry exterior load-bearing walls that are of noncombustible construction. Interior framing, floors, and roofs are made of wood or other combustible materials. (Christopher J. Naum, 2008) The interior framing of a Type III building is protected with plaster, drywall, or other interior finish materials to provide required fire resistance. Therefore, Type III construction will have concealed combustible voids. (IFSTA, 2016, p. 227) During renovations in Type III, construction new void spaces are created. These include horizontal voids created by dropped ceilings and vertical voids through new utility chases. (Christopher J. Naum, 2008) Furthermore, the most basic masonry structure includes exterior load-bearing
The idea that man can create materials which have properties not found in nature is profound, however in reality this is a relatively simple process. One designs a unit cell or meta-atom and then binds these meta-atoms into a structure creating a metamaterial [1]. Such a metamaterial can have optical properties which can be adapted to a certain requirement. To make a Negative index metamaterial, NIM, the requirement is that the refractive index, n, should be negative. By building certain shapes of meta-atom the permeability, µ, and permittivity, ԑ, of the metamaterial can in theory be chosen. From a construction point of view there are two branches of metamaterials which are 2D and 3D NIMs, and the construction techniques differ between the two branches. 2D NIMs are metamaterials constructed with just one layer of meta-atoms, whereas 3D NIMs are constructed with many layers placed above one another.
Reese, C.D. and Eidson, J.V. (1999). Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press
Marotta, T. W. (2011). Basic construction materials / Theodore W. Marotta ... [et al.]. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011.
...ion of BIM goes hand in hand with a new method that allows more partnering-like relationships between stakeholders. These collaborative relationships can create more cohesion between stakeholders, thus making it easier to work together towards a common goal of implementing BIM.
There are 25 major specialties in engineering that are recognized by professional societies. In any one of those 25 specialties, the goal of the engineer is the same. The goal is to be able to come up with a cost effective design that aids people in the tasks they face each day. Whether it be the coffee machine in the morning or the roads and highways we travel, or even the cars we travel in, it was all an idea that started with an engineer. Someone engineered each idea to make it the best solution to a problem. Even though engineer’s goals are similar, there are many different things that engineers do within their selected field of engineering. This paper will focus on the architectural field of engineering.
The process of building a house is a very complex and difficult task. In the following paragraphs, I will be explaining the many different steps that are required to build a house.
It should facilitate constructing of the building, resisting fire, absorb noise and it should be economical.
The most straightforward way to visualise the role of a structure is to imagine a typical house as a container which hides and provides shelter for its contents. Each wall of that container is subjected to a number of loads of various nature: the self-weight of the building, the impo...