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Flashcards on leptospirosis
Leptospirosis usmle key
Flashcards on leptospirosis
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On December 17, 2011, tropical storm Washi hit Misamis Oriental province’s capital city Cagayan de Oro on the Philippine island of Mindanao. The storm and flooding that followed it resulted in the deaths of 1,257 people and the displacement of over 300,000 more. Amidst the chaos of the storm and evacuation, Filipino citizens were struck by yet another ordeal: outbreak. A waterborne disease was spreading through the population due to the crowding from displacement, poor sanitation, and lack of clean water. People were getting sick and even dying, and with more rainy conditions on the way, the outbreak was set to get worse before it got better. The culprit behind the Philippine citizens’ extra misfortune was the bacterial disease Leptospirosis (Huston, 2012). Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacterial species found within the genus Leptospira. Historically, leptospires have been classified into two species, pathogenic L. interrogans and non-pathogenic L. biflexa. According to current genetic classification using 16S rRNA genes, there are at least 19 species of leptospires that cluster into three groups: pathogenic, saprophytic and intermediate. L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. santarosai, L. noguchii, L. weilli, L. kirschneri and L. alexanderi are the seven species considered to be the major agents of leptospirosis. Leptospires are thin, helically coiled spirochetes that are between 6 and 20 μm long with bent ends that form a characteristic hook shape. The cell walls of leptospires are considered Gram-negative due to their double membrane and presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), however, the cytoplasmic membrane is closely associated with the murein cell wall, resembling Gram-positive cell envelopes (Coburn & ... ... middle of paper ... ...-outbreak-follows-flooding-philippines-1412 Johnson, R. C. (1996). Leptospira. In S. Baron (Ed.), Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8451/ Leptospirosis claims 23 lives in northern Mindanao. (2012, January 25). Sun Star. Retrieved from https://ph.news.yahoo.com/leptospirosis-claims-23-lives-northern-mindanao-005200963.html Levett, P. N. (2001). Leptospirosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 14(2), 296-326. Retrieved from http://cmr.asm.org/content/14/2/296.full Mindanao hospitals on alert for leptospirosis. (2012, January 5). IRIN News. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/94590/philippines-mindanao-hospitals-on-alert-for-leptospirosis Salyers, A. A., Whitt, D. D., Wilson, B. A., & Winkler, M. E. (2011). Bacterial pathogenesis: A molecular approach. (3rd ed., p. 33). Washington, DC: ASM Press
14) Davis, Charles, and Mary Nettleman, eds. "Typhus (Endemic, Murine, Epidemic)." medicinenet.com. N.p.. Web. 12 Mar 2014. .
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
Kopp, Elizabeth, and Medzhitov, Ruslan. “A Plague on Host Defense.” The Journal of Experimental Medicine. .
With the earliest recordings coming from the Fifth Century B.C., streptococcus pyogenes, and more frequently, its symptoms have been prevalent among doctors and historians for hundreds of years. The first mentioning of streptococcus pyogenes is to be credited to Hippocrates, in which he describes the relative symptoms of the flesh-eating bacteria in its early stages. Then depicted by Billroth in 1874, patients carrying erysipelas were determined to have this certain bacterial infection. In 1883, the chain-forming bacteria were isolated by Fehleisen; and in the following year, Rosenbach applied the S. pyogenes name. Further advances in hemolytic and non-hemolytic studies were made by Lancefield in the 1930’s, in which the alpha, beta, and gamma subgroups of the hemolytic structures – detailed and defined by Schottmueller and Brown - were divided into serotypes.
Being a gram-negative bacterium, L. pneumophila has lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that act as endotoxin within a human host. The presence of a flagella is thought to mediate adherence to human lung cells, thereby causing infection, since flagella-less strains do not cause disease. Once attached to human cells, the organism is engulfed by a macrophage where is utilizes the internal environment to multiply.
The domain for Klebsiella is Bacteria, it is in the Proteobacteria phylum, Gammaproteobacteria class, Enterobacteriales is the Order, the family is Enterobacteriacaea, the Genus is Klebsiella, and finally the species is Klebsiella pneumonia.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has presented many problems in our society, including an increased chance of fatality due to infections that could have otherwise been treated with success. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overexposure to these drugs give the bacteria more opportunities to mutate, forming resistant strains. Through natural selection, those few mutated bacteria are able to survive treatments of antibiotics and then pass on their genes to other bacterial cells through lateral gene transfer (Zhaxybayeva, 2011). Once resistance builds in one patient, it is possible for the strain to be transmitted to others through improper hygiene and failure to isolate patients in hospitals.
Owning a dog comes with risk and with those risk are diseases, Leptospriosis is one of those diseases. Leptospirosis “has been attributed to more than 200 pathogenic serovars from the genus Leptospira” (Raghavan).” This disease brings deaths to dogs across the world every year and can be prevented by proper care and proper knowledge of the disease. The disease is not always prevalent in symptoms but the canine is the primary carrier of this disease, creating a large problem with minimal to do about controlling it. With a seasonal prevalence of canine leptospirosis cases, the disease can be evaluated and applied to future procedural warnings for owners.
Salmonella enterica typhi (typhoid fever causing bacteria) are parasites with no other known living environment outside of humans (Pike, 2014). Typhoid has the ability to cause large outbreaks and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has classified Salmonella species with other food safety threats as high priority potential bioterrorism agents (Baggier, Burwen, Haber, & Ball, 2004). Salmonella enterica typhi is one of three species of the Salmonella genus. Typhoid gets its name from Typhos, which means smoke, or to cloud, or vapor. It was thought to be transmitted through a “cloud of sickness called miasma” (Pike, 2014). When someone recovers from typhoid fever, about 3-5% become carriers o...
In the 1960s, doctors in the United States predicted that infectious diseases were in decline. US surgeon Dr. William H. Stewart told the nation that it had already seen most of the frontiers in the field of contagious disease. Epidemiology seemed destined to become a scientific backwater (Karlen 1995, 3). Although people thought that this particular field was gradually dying, it wasn’t. A lot more of it was destined to come. By the late 1980s, it became clear that people’s initial belief of infectious diseases declining needed to be qualified, as a host of new diseases emerged to infect human beings (Smallman & Brown, 2011).With the current trends, the epidemics and pandemics we have faced have created a very chaotic and unreliable future for mankind. As of today, it has really been difficult to prevent global epidemics and pandemics. Although the cases may be different from one state to another, the challenges we all face are all interconnected in this globalized world.
The first inhabitants of the Philippines arrived from the land bridge from Asia over 150,000 years ago. Throughout the years, migrants from Indonesia, Malaysia, and other parts of Asia made their way to the islands of this country. In the fourteenth century, the Arabs arrived and soon began a long tradition of Islam. Many Muslims are still living in the Philippines today.
Madigan, M., & Martinko, J. (2006). Brock biology of microorganisms. (11 ed.). New York, NY.
The occurrence of infectious disease and epidemics has speckled the history of humanity since the first civilization established itself. Considering that a large population can help to foster infectious diseases, and humans share almost 300 communicable agents with animals, the outbreak of epidemics is inextricably intertwined with revol...
The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. “Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.” (Schmutz 1)
Although preventive measures can be taken, over 21.5 million people annually become infected with Typhoid fever. In particular, areas with poor sanitation of water report higher rates of this disease. Typhoid fever is spread through contaminated water sources, making underdeveloped countries vulnerable to the infection.