Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is disease that is seen worldwide in both humans and animals. Leptospirosis can affect most mammals and has a multitude of clinical signs or symptoms and has varying degrees of infectivity. It can be tricky to diagnose, can be fatal, and has the potential of infecting humans. Leptospirosis is a disease that is becoming increasingly prominent in the world and has even been causing epidemics in countries because it is frequently misunderstood. For these reasons alone it is vital to know how to help diagnose, treat, and prevent this disease in our veterinary patients.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by leptospiral spirochetes. They are flexible thin bacteria that are in the shape of spirals and have hooked ends. They are motile bacteria that
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People and animals are infected after being in contact with the urine of an infected person or animal. This includes being in contact contaminated water, bedding, soil, and food.1 The pathogenesis of Leptospirosis is quite simple, the Leptospires that are shed by an infected animal or person raid the body after entering through mucous membranes or open skin.3 The incubation period can vary from a few days to a couple weeks depending on the amount of bacteria that has invaded the body. In severe infections, the incubation period is shortened and in mild infections it can take the bacteria significantly more time to cause clinical signs. The severity of the disease also varies by the serovar and by the infected patient.3 After the incubation period, the leptospires circulate in the peripheral blood and most commonly replicate in the kidneys, liver, and lungs. This replication is what can cause severe complications in the body systems of animals that are infected with Leptospirosis. The amount of damage causes is dependent on the immunity of the infected animal and the how virulent the bacteria
The exposure to the contaminated food happened during the Memorial Day service celebration, which was May 30th. According to the case study, onset of symptoms occurred from June 5th to June 28th. Therefore, the incubation period from this case ranged from seven days to thirty days. According to Heymann (2014), the incubation period for Typhoid fever ranges from 3 days to over 60 days, with the usual range from eight to fourteen days. A graph of the incubation period is provided in Figure
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
L. pneumophila has a very wide range of effects. Healthy individuals usually go through an asymptomatic seroconversion, while less healthy people may undergo Pontiac Fever or Legionnaires’ Disease (LD). In 1968, employees at the county health department in Pontiac, Michigan came down with a fever, but the responsible pathogen was not identified at the time. It was frozen and later diagnosed as L. pneumophila. Pontiac Fever, being milder than LD, generally does not need treatment. Infected individuals will show fever, muscle aches, and headaches, and usually recover between 2-5 days. Pontiac Fever will present symptoms anywhere from a couple of hours to a couple of days after exposure, while LD takes 2-10 days to incubate. LD patients have fever, chills and a cough, with x-rays showing pneumonia. This more severe form usually prevails in elderly, cigarette smokers, people with chronic lung disease, or those who are immunocompromised, such as cancer or AIDS patients.
“But you don't look sick.”. “If you just exercised more you would feel better.” , “It's all in your head.” , “You are just being lazy.”. These phrases are just a hand full of unkind things that people have said to me, simply because they do not understand my disease. Who could blame them? Doctors do not understand it. Researchers do not understand it. My parents do not understand it. My boyfriend does not understand it. Even I cannot understand it. I have Lupus. It is an unresolved disease that millions of people suffer with. Though there are numerous people diagnosed with lupus, there are very few people who know what it is, and how it impacts us from the time we wake up, to when we finally escape our pain with sleep. In this essay, I will explain what we know about lupus, what the symptoms are, and what kind of treatments are accessible for lupus.
Hansen’s Disease also known as Leprosy dates back to at least 4000b.c. Evidence of the disease’s presents in ancient times was found on an Egyptian papyrus dating from around 1500bc. These earlier cultures believed it was a curse or punishment from the gods. During the middle ages, the afflicted wore special clothing and rang bells to alert the uninfected of their presence. The first known origin of this disease is Egypt from here Roman Crusaders contracted the disease and brought it back to Europe and from Europe to America.
My hypothesis on Tuberculosis is that it is a very deadly disease that causes a persons lungs to fill with blood. This can harm the body by making the body suffocate itself when the lungs fill with blood.
What started as a problem with a horrific disease, lead to isolation of leprosy patients. It was hard for these patients to settle and make homes; communities feared the spreading of illness. The government took an old plantation to create a hospital for the leprosy patients. The old plantation was called hospital #66 or better known as Carville. “Over a long time period, the disease can be disfiguring, and societies have stigmatized victims of the disease. This attribute is deeply discrediting since the stigmatized individual is disqualified from full social acceptance. Leprosy was thus dreaded, not because it killed, but because it left one alive with no hope”. (P1. And 2, Sato, H., & Frantz, J. (2005). Termination of the leprosy isolation policy in the US and japan: Science, policy changes, and the garbage can model.) People deemed with this Disease were brought to Carville mandatory to be quarantined; some patients were brought in shackles against there will. Patients were forced to leave everything they knew and loved behind, including friends, family and children.
Exotic animals carry diseases and infections that can be potentially harmful or fatal to humans, jeopardizing the safety of the community. These diseases range in severity from common ringworm infections from African pygmy hedgehogs to lyssaviruses in p...
As you exit the bus, another passenger next to you starts to cough, and then you hold the handrail as you exit the bus. Since you’re late getting home, you take a shortcut through a field to get home quicker. These three simple acts just exposed you to bacteria, viruses, and insects that could cause illness or even death. Infectious diseases, also known as communicable disease, are spread by germs. Germs are living things that are found in the air, in the soil, and in water. You can be exposed to germs in many ways, including touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Animal and insect bites can also spread germs.1
3. This freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal.
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
The primary cause of Zoonotic Diseases is the result of an infectious agent. In conclusion zoonotic diseases are a growing concern in the United States that can be controlled or even prevented through simple precautionary methods and medications. Understanding that zoonotic diseases can enter a person's body through a number of ways including broken skin, eyes, mouth and lungs and even animal bites can aid you in knowing how to prevent contaminations.
The employee who sold the monkey was infected by the water the monkey spit into his mouth. The pet shop owner got infected by a scratch he received from the monkey. When the monkey arrived to the pet shop he shared a banana with another monkey who also became infected. The employee and pet shop owner both become infected and then spread the disease by contact with others in their environment. The microorganism initially started as being contracted by contact but the mode of transmission graduates to airborne. The incubation period was at first 2-3 days but then once airborne it became 24 hours until you reached
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)
Microbes are microscopic life forms, usually too small to be seen by the naked eye. Although many microbes are single-celled, there are also numerous multi-cellular organisms. The human body has 10-100 trillion microbes living on it, making it one giant super-organism. Since the first link between microbes and diseases was made, people have been advised to wash their hands. Scientists, however, have recently started to investigate more closely how the microbes that call the human body home affect our health. While some microbes cause disease, others are more beneficial, working with our bodies in many subtle ways.