James Prescott Joule was born December 24, in 1818.
James Joule was born into the wealthy brewing family of Benjamin and Alice Joule.
In 1847 James Joule married Amelia Grimes, a daughter of the Liverpool Comptroller of Customs.
James Joule and Amelia had three children: Benjamin Arthur (born 1849), Alice Amelia (born 1852) and a son who died in 1854 along with his wife during child birth.
In 1843 James Joule read his paper to the British Association, entitled "On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity and on the Mechanical Value of Heat." This paper described the physical constant that showed that heat was a form of energy. This constant is known as "J", or "Joule's Equivalent." The unit of heat, work and internal energy are measured in joules (J).
James Prescott Joule died October 11 in 1889. James Joule is buried in Westminster Abbey along with other famous people.
Those Who Inspired
John Dalton
James Joule was tutored as a young boy by John Dalton:
John Dalton was a well known Chemist and Physicist.
John Dalton was born September 6 in 1766 and died July 27 in 1844.
John Dalton is most recognized for his findings, which later is known as "the atomic theory".
The atomic theory is the theory of the nature of matter. It states that: "all matter is composed of atoms."
Lord Kelvin
James Joule worked with Lord Kelvin on experiments, which later became know as the Joule-Thomson Effect:
Lord Kelvin was a well known Mathematical Physicist.
The well known "Lord Kelvin" born as William Thomson, June 26 in 1824 and later died December 17 in 1907.
William Thomson later became the 1st Baron Kelvin, he was known as "Lord Kelvin."
Lord Kelvin is most recognized for his work in thermodynamics and Kelvin temperature scale.
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
James Joule was inspired by the work of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius:
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was a Physicist and a Mathematician.
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was born January 2 in 1822, and died August 24 in 1888.
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius is most recognized for his work in thermodynamics.
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius introduced the concept of entropy.
The Experiments (Known Today as Research)
Paddle Wheel Experiment
James Joule's Paddle Wheel Experiment determined the existence of a relation between heat and mechanical work. He established this by a method involving the churning water in a calorimeter by means of paddles driven by various falling weights. Through this experiment James Joule established what we call today the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Jesse James married Zerelda Mimms in 1874 she was born on July 21, 1845 in Logan Kentucky. She is also Jesse’s first cousin her and Jesse had one child he had a son. His name was Jesse E. James named after his dad was born on august 31, 1951 in Nashville, TN. He was born at the height of Jesse’s
On August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, John Henry Holliday was born to Henry Burroughs and Alice Jane Holliday. Their first child, Martha Eleanora, had died on June 12, 1850 at six months of age. When he married Alice Jane McKay on January 8, 1849, Henry Burroughs was a druggist by trade and, later became a wealthy planter, lawyer, and during the War between the States, a Confederate Major. Church records state: "John Henry, infant son of Henry B. and Alice J.
James’s family life was just as spectacular. He added 27 children to the human race, seven of whom were illegitimate. With his first wife, Anne Hyde, he had eight children, with his second, Mary of Modena, he had 12, and with at least two other mistresses, including Arabellla Churchill, he had seven.
James, who was a preacher, and moved to California two years after Jesse was born to minister those mining for gold. His mom, Zerelda James was a six foot tall slave owner.[History Net] Once Robert James died in California a year later, Zerelda remarried to Benjamin Simms in 1852, and again remarried in 1855 to Dr. Reuben Samuel. Who she had four kids with. He had four brothers. Frank and Robert James, and Archie and John Samuel. He had three sisters. Susan Lavenia James, Fanny Quantrill Samuel, and Sarah Ellen McKinley.[History Net] On April 24, 1874 he married Zerelda Mimms, who he would stay with until he passed. He had two kids, Jesse E. James (son), and Mary James Barr (daughter).
John was born on March 29, 1790 in Charles City County, Virginia. He was the child of Mary and John. John was also a loving husband to his wife Julia Gardiner Tyler and a loving father to his 15 children.
In 1794, he married a buxom, vivacious widow who was 16 years younger than he. Her name was Dolley Payne Todd and she had a son, John. James and Dolley had no children of their own.
in the world including Niels Bohr and Max Born. Like many of the top physicists
Amelia Mary Earhart was the first of two children to be born to Amy Otis. Her Grandfather, Alfred Otis, was a high class citizen in Atchison, as well as a judge. Edwin, Amelia’s father, endured many failures which caused his blooming alcoholism to worsen, bringing his family into an unknown poverty. Making a tough decision Amy sent Amelia and her younger sister Muriel to their Grandparents to attend The College Preparatory in Atchison. In 1908, at the Iowa State Fair that Amelia’s father took her to, she caught a glimpse of her first plane. Upon Amelia’s first sight of the plane she had thought it was a “thing of rust wire and wood, not interesting at all.”
direct conversion of heat into electric energy, or vice versa. The term is generally restricted to the irreversible conversion of electricity into heat described by the English physicist James P. Joule and to three reversible effects named for Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson, their respective discoverers. According to Joule’s law, a conductor carrying a current generates heat at a rate proportional to the product of the resistance (R) of the conductor and the square of the current (I). The German physicist Thomas J. Seebeck discovered in the 1820s that if a closed loop is formed by joining the ends of two strips of dissimilar metals and the two junctions of the metals are at different temperatures, an electromotive force, or voltage, arises that is proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. A circuit of this type is called a thermocouple; a number of thermocouples connected in series is called a thermopile. In 1834 the French physicist Jean C. A. Peltier discovered an effect inverse to the Seebeck effect: If a current passes through a thermocouple, the temperature of one junction increases and the temperature of the other decreases, so that heat is transferred from one junction to the other. The rate of heat transfer is proportional to the current and the direction of transfer is reversed if the current is reversed. The Scottish scientist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered in 1854 that if a temperature difference exists between any two points of a current-carrying conductor, heat is either evolved or absorbed depending upon the material. (This heat is not the same as Joule heat, or I2R heat, which is always evolved.) If heat is absorbed by such a circuit, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed.
The idea that all matter is made up of small particles dates back to the 5th century where philosophers such as Leucippus and Democritus studied these particles. During this time atoms were thought to be too small to be seen, unchangeable, and indestructible. They came to the conclusion that atoms were solid and had no internal structure. This findings were the building blocks that Dalton used to base his modern atomic theory on. Without these philosophers Dalton may not have had an interest in the atom.
John Dalton was the first scientist to come up with an atomic theory, however there was a flaw in what he had initially believed. Dalton had a theory that atoms were indivisible and indestructible. J.J Thomson, also a scientist discovered electrons by using a cathode ray tube and showed the rays were negatively charged. Thomson recognized that Dalton’s accepted model of an atom did not consider particles being negatively or positively charged. Thomson then suggested a new model of the atom that was linked to plum pudding. The raisins in the pudding had represented the negative electrons and the positive charged electrons were shown through the dough. The electrons were believed to be on rotating rings throughout the atom. Thomson had abandon his other theory of “nebular atom” in which the atom was composed of immaterial vortices after using the new model. Although Thomson’s model of the atom proved some of the electrical properties of the atom due to electrons, the rest of the positively charged part of the atom was still ill-defined.
One of Boyle’s biggest contributions to science was telling people how they should use the scientific method in research.“He was the first person to write specific experimental guidance for other scientists, telling them the importance of achieving reliable, repeatable results.” He also emphasized how people should repeat their own experiments to get more accurate results. Throughout his research he continually looked back on Galileo’s work. Galileo believed the world could be explained through mathematics. Later on Boyle went on to prove that air follows mathematical laws. This discovery is known as Boyle’s Law. Boyle’s Law is a gas law stating the relationship between volume and pressure while temperature is held a constant. He also stated how the movement of particles affects
Believed to be the first atomic theorist, the Greek materialist philosopher Democritus explored the nature of stones in 400 B.C. Democritus split a stone in half and concluded that the two halves have the same properties; the only difference between them and the original was size. However, that observation did not hold forever because the more he split the stone pieces into halves, the tougher the process was. At one point, he tried his best but failed to split a small stone piece. He called it "atomos," which is the Greek word for indivisible. The first major observation to atomic theory was thus made: matter is composed of sub-parts which are unvarying and indivisible. He also hypothesized two ideas: different atoms were only different in aspects regarding shape and size, and all atoms are always in motion, resulting in some collisions which cause dissociations or combinations (changes in state of matter).
According to Doug Stewart, 2017, James Prescott Joule, an English physicist studied the nature of heat and laid the foundation of the theory known as conservation of energy. According to Heba Soffar, 2015, heat is a thermal energy that flows from a warmer region to a much colder or cooler region. In addition, another meaning of heat is according to Chris Woodford, 2017, heat is a shortened term of saying heat energy. Heat energy is can transforms matters into different states. When ice is heated, it turns into water. When water is heated, it evaporates and then become rain or droplets of water under a cover. The best way to measure heat is through thermometer. According to Chris Woodford, 2017, there are two common scales that are used when heat is being measured. One is Celsius and Fahrenheit, named after Anders Celsius and Daniel Fahrenheit, respectively (Woodford, 2017). Kelvin is also used which was named after William Thompson, popularly known as Lord Kelvin (Woodford,
This definition of this law states that energy converts from one form to another and it cannot be created nor destroyed. Its attempt to explain the universe and energy narrows the boundaries of intricacy to present a sophisticated understanding. At times, people do not pay attention where energy comes from, but it appears in their surroundings and in what they partake in doing. While it is not tangible, it exists through vision such as fire, electricity, and even humans doing work, which ties to energy. One example is that “turning on a light [switch] would seem to produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted” (“The Three Laws of Thermodynamics”). All objects that handles electricity follows this law of thermodynamics where energy is transferred to the light to produce the energy to allow the light to work. For change in energy, heat transfer along with the work output applies for greater energy. A relating scenario that intertwines with this is an example of how a hot object such as coffee can transfer its heat, which is also energy, to a person’s hand, and after it can disperse and decrease in temperature. Furthermore, ever since Carnot’s contribution to thermodynamics, scientists apply this knowledge for the energy around people. Through experiments, energy exists around the world and harnessing