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Heat absorption essay
Heat absorption essay
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thermoelectricity
direct conversion of heat into electric energy, or vice versa. The term is generally restricted to the irreversible conversion of electricity into heat described by the English physicist James P. Joule and to three reversible effects named for Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson, their respective discoverers. According to Joule’s law, a conductor carrying a current generates heat at a rate proportional to the product of the resistance (R) of the conductor and the square of the current (I). The German physicist Thomas J. Seebeck discovered in the 1820s that if a closed loop is formed by joining the ends of two strips of dissimilar metals and the two junctions of the metals are at different temperatures, an electromotive force, or voltage, arises that is proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. A circuit of this type is called a thermocouple; a number of thermocouples connected in series is called a thermopile. In 1834 the French physicist Jean C. A. Peltier discovered an effect inverse to the Seebeck effect: If a current passes through a thermocouple, the temperature of one junction increases and the temperature of the other decreases, so that heat is transferred from one junction to the other. The rate of heat transfer is proportional to the current and the direction of transfer is reversed if the current is reversed. The Scottish scientist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered in 1854 that if a temperature difference exists between any two points of a current-carrying conductor, heat is either evolved or absorbed depending upon the material. (This heat is not the same as Joule heat, or I2R heat, which is always evolved.) If heat is absorbed by such a circuit, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed.
Thermodynamics is essentially how heat energy transfers from one substance to another. In “Joe Science vs. the Water Heater,” the temperature of water in a water heater must be found without measuring the water directly from the water heater. This problem was translated to the lab by providing heated water, fish bowl thermometers, styrofoam cups, and all other instruments found in the lab. The thermometer only reaches 45 degrees celsius; therefore, thermodynamic equations need to be applied in order to find the original temperature of the hot water. We also had access to deionized water that was approximately room temperature.
The data which was collected in Procedure A was able to produce a relatively straight line. Even though this did have few straying points, there was a positive correlation. This lab was able to support Newton’s Law of Heating and Cooling.
Although Black’s discovery of carbon dioxide was said to lay the foundation for modern chemistry, it wasn’t the only discovery he is credited for. He was the first to conclude that heat and temperature were two different things. Black used water as a universal substance to show that heat is energy, in which may be transported through moving and colliding molecules and the idea that temperature is the measurement of the average motion or kinetic energy of the molecules. He demonstrated this with a bucket of ice monitored by temperature constantly. The ice continually melted, but the temperature remained constant. Black is also well known for his discovery of latent heat, the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature. Latent heat was con be expressed in two ways: the heat can be absorbed if the change involves solid to liquid or liquid to gas or the heat can be released if the change involves gas to liquid or liquid to solid. Black took this idea and developed “specific heat”, in which is defined as the measured amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by a specified number of degrees.
The Battle of Thermopylae was fought between alliances of Greek city states, which were led by King Leonidas of Sparta, against the Persian Empire led by Xerxes over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The battle took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae ('The Hot Gates'). The event was later recorded by Herodotus, who interviewed the surviving soldiers. When it comes to history it is important to be able to differentiate between historical fact, fiction, and over aggrandizement. One must be careful when looking at an event such as the battle of Thermopylae, because of all of the myths surrounding it. Do the Spartans really deserve all of the credit that they have been given for what they did at The Hot Gates or has the tale become an aggrandizement of their accomplishment? A recent film that goes by the name “300” may be responsible for reigniting the mythos that seems to be weaved into the threads of Spartan history.
A current is the flow of charge round a circuit, this can be in the
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to any form of energy. In thermodynamics, both the thermodynamic system and its environment are considered. A thermodynamic system, in general, is defined by its volume, pressure, temperature, and chemical make-up. In general, the environment will contain heat sources with unlimited heat capacity allowing it to give and receive heat without changing its temperature. Whenever the conditions change, the thermodynamic system will respond by changing its state; the temperature, volume, pressure, or chemical make-up will adjust accordingly in order to reach its original state of equilibrium. There are three laws of thermodynamics in which the changing system can follow in order to return to equilibrium.
As discussed in class, submission of your solutions to this exam will indicate that you have not communicated with others concerning this exam. You may use reference texts and other information at your disposal. Do all problems separately on clean white standard 8.5” X 11” photocopier paper (no notebook paper or scratch paper). Write on only one side of the paper (I don’t do double sided). Staple the entire solution set in the upper left hand corner (no binders or clips). Don’t turn in pages where you have scratched out or erased excessively, re-write the pages cleanly and neatly. All problems are equally weighted. Assume we are working with “normal” pressures and temperatures with ideal gases unless noted otherwise. Make sure you list all assumptions that you use (symmetry, isotropy, binomial expansion, etc.).
Throughout Thomson’s life he made many contributions to science. These include discoveries in thermodynamics and the age of the Earth, as well as innovating the Transatlantic Cable and inventing a tide meter. After exploring thermodynamics for some time, he developed the second law of thermodynamics. This law states that there cannot be a reaction that is completely efficient; a portion of the energy is lost to heat in each reaction. It also says that heat flows to areas that...
In thermodynamics Refrigeration is the major application area, in which the heat is transferred from a lower temperature region to a higher temperature region. The devices which produce refrigeration are known as Refrigerators and the cycle on which it operates are called refrigeration cycles. Vapour compression refrigeration cycle is the most regularly used refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant is alternately vaporized and condensed and in the vapor phase it is compressed. Gas refrigeration cycle is the well-known refrigeration cycle in which cycle refrigerant remains in the gaseous phase throughout the cycle. Cascade refrigeration are the other refrigeration cycles discussed in this chapter; absorption refrigeration is the one more refrigeration cycle which is used where the refrigerant is dissolved in liquid before it is compressed. One more refrigeration in which refrigeration is produced by passing the electric current through two dissimilar materials is called as the thermoelectric refrigeration.
In 1750, Benjamin Franklin wanted to prove that lightning was caused by electricity. He tested his theory with an experiment in which he flew a kite with a metal key attached to it into a storm cloud. The historical facts are not clear as to if he actually carried out the experiment, which is why there is doubt that he is the discoverer of electricity. But, we still credit him with the idea. He also did other experiments concerning electricity, but others after him would have to ...
The phenomenon called electromagnetic induction was first noticed and investigated by Michael Faraday, in 1831. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor as a result of a changing magnetic field about the conductor and is a very important concept. Faraday discovered that, whenever the magnetic field about an electromagnet was made to grow and collapse by closing and opening the electric circuit of which it was a part, an electric current could be detected in a separate conductor nearby. Faraday also investigated the possibility that a current could be produced by a magnetic field being placed near a coiled wire. Just placing the magnet near the wire could not produce a current. Faraday discovered that a current could be produced in this situation only if the magnet had some velocity. The magnet could be moved in either a positive or negative direction but had to be in motion to produce any current in the wire. The current in the coil is called an induced current, because the current is brought about (or “induced”) by a changing magnetic field (Cutnell and Johnson 705). The induced current is sustained by an emf. Since a source of emf is always needed to produce a current, the coil itself behaves as if it were a source of emf. The emf is known as an induced emf. Thus, a changing magnetic field induces an emf in the coil, and the emf leads to an induced current (705). He also found that moving a conductor near a stationary permanent magnet caused a current to flow in the wire as long as it was moving as in the magnet and coiled wire set-up.
Thermoregulation is an essential process involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. It involves the body’s ability to maintain its core temperature within narrow limits, despite varying external temperatures. Thermoregulation helps to protect the body; it enables it to keep functioning at a temperature at which the required chemical reactions in the body can take place. This safeguards the functioning of the body’s vital organs and muscles. A broad range of homeostatic mechanisms are involved in thermoregulation, and it is essential in the minimization of heat loss and heat gain. Without it, any change in environmental temperature would be detrimental to bodily function. Hot temperatures would cause hyperthermia and cold temperatures would result in hypothermia. This could lead to organ and muscle damage. Thus thermoregulation is essential for human survival.
Heat energy is transported as electromagnetic waves or photons. This occurs due to the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules within the object. All solids, liquids, and gases above absolute zero emi...
In 1831, using his "induction ring", Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries - electromagnetic induction: the "induction" or generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. The induction ring was the first electric transformer. In a second series of experiments in September he discovered magneto-electric induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet he obtained a continuous direct current. This was the first generator. From his experiments came devices that led to the modern electric motor, generator and transformer.
This definition of this law states that energy converts from one form to another and it cannot be created nor destroyed. Its attempt to explain the universe and energy narrows the boundaries of intricacy to present a sophisticated understanding. At times, people do not pay attention where energy comes from, but it appears in their surroundings and in what they partake in doing. While it is not tangible, it exists through vision such as fire, electricity, and even humans doing work, which ties to energy. One example is that “turning on a light [switch] would seem to produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted” (“The Three Laws of Thermodynamics”). All objects that handles electricity follows this law of thermodynamics where energy is transferred to the light to produce the energy to allow the light to work. For change in energy, heat transfer along with the work output applies for greater energy. A relating scenario that intertwines with this is an example of how a hot object such as coffee can transfer its heat, which is also energy, to a person’s hand, and after it can disperse and decrease in temperature. Furthermore, ever since Carnot’s contribution to thermodynamics, scientists apply this knowledge for the energy around people. Through experiments, energy exists around the world and harnessing