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Culture and gender identity
To what extent is gender a cultural construction
Culture and gender identity
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Heterosexuality is Natural
Since the beginning of mankind, the human species has been able to populate and cover the planet through reproduction. The natural reproduction is between a man and women, so heterosexuality is seen as the popular form of sexuality. However, many people believe that not only is heterosexuality not natural, but is constructed by society. Pepper Schwartz, a professor of sociology at the University of Washington, believes that heterosexuality is a construct of cultural norms. Society creates expectations for how sexuality should be presented and performed, but down to the root of human nature heterosexuality is much more prevalent than any other form of sexuality. I disagree with professor Schwartz, and I believe that
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Now I agree that there are people who are born to be homosexual and are naturally attracted to the same sex, but this group is the minority in the world. Schwartz says, “Countless research papers have shown that even infants are programmed into adult sexual niches: we are socially constructed as heterosexual as soon as we are propelled out into the world” (p.187). She is saying that people are not born heterosexual, but are taught to feel this way. This is incredibly narrow, because often times society will define masculinity and femininity, but will not always express who to be attracted to. Even at the age of two, kids understand the differences in sex, so they are not clueless in that aspect. The arguments that parents and society shape the way that people conform to their sexual preferences is not entirely true. I have friends who have the same sex parents, and their sexuality does not reflect their parents. There are times when people are looked down upon for being homosexual, and the fear for coming out is a real thing. Even in school I remember when people who were different weren't included and ostracized. Society may not be fully accepting of homosexuality, because it is not necessarily common, but homosexuality has been more open than ever. The LGBTQ community was once highly mistreated, but today there is equal marriage, discrimination laws, and respect for preferred pronouns. Some governments, like Canada, go as far as trying to make a law that makes it illegal to use improper pronouns. I for one oppose such laws that limit freedom of speech, and fascist legislation, but at least their voices are
In this article the author Naomi Wolf does a great job in explaining radical sexuality. Also known as egalitarian relationships. In marital relationships, the meaning is typically that husband and wife have equal status in the marriage. That is sometimes defined as having equal power. She talks about there being some conditions to abide by. For example, it requires that women should be able to support themselves without the help of any man. Also the man must yield the automatic benefits presented by gender. Women give up gender benefits as well as the men. "By day they fight gender injustice; by night they sleep with men" (Wolf p. 155), she questions weather feminists who are in a heterosexual relationship are contradicting themselves, because feminist are known to fight sexism, yet they are sleeping with the opposite sex. Wolf mentions that men who are loved by feminists are lucky. Therefore, she explains some of the qualifications men need in order to be in an egalitarian relationship because that's what feminists are all about. Being in an egalitarian relationship is said t...
The main points of the Symbolic Interactionism perspective is that symbols are what shape how we communicate and how we view the world. Our changing ideas affect how we understand and view different things around us. Without symbols society would be not be very coordinated, people wouldn’t be able to specify a specific time for school or where to meet for lunch. The main points of the Functional Analysis perspective, is that society is made up of several individual parts that work together for society to function properly. Each of these smaller parts has functions that are beneficial consequences of people actions and dysfunctions that are harmful and threaten the equilibrium. In this perspective the smaller parts are look at to see how they
The reading Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System by María Lugones stated the idea of heterosexuality is a modern invention which dated back to the late nineteenth century. Therefore racism and heterosexual could not exist without each other even though their views are different towards race, gender, and sexuality. In the meantime, the author adjusted to the point of views brought into mention by Anibal Quijano who created the coloniality of power. Coloniality of power being the “basic and universal social classification of the population of the idea of race [and gender]”. For which the authors realize the concepts of gender and race are similar in some ways. “Understanding these features of the organization of gender in the
Unlike sex, the history of sexuality is dependant upon society and limited by its language in order to be defined and understood.
In Brandon Ambrosino’s “I am Gay – but I Wasn't Born This Way”, the author states his reasoning as to why he believes he chose to be gay. Being one of the few who questions the born this way ideology, Ambrosino, along with other LGBTQ activists, are “cast as homophobic, and their thinking is considered backward”(par 10). However, just because an argument like this is popular, it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s true. Even scientific organizations like the American Psychological Association (APA) believes that people have no control over their sexual orientations, however, no findings have been found that determine if sexual orientation is determined from hormones, genetics, or cultural influences(par 21), therefore contradicting the previous claim.
In my opinion, only after we learn to respect all kinds of differences out of majority we are able to have liberal minds, which makes the world a better place to live for all people. That is the reason I decided to write my paper on compulsory heterosexuality. To come to main idea, my arguement will be dominantly on heteronormativity. I will try to prove that both heteronormativity and gender are social constructs, which means that they are all learned behaviours by society through culture, tradition and religion. I will show a world where any norms and taboos exist, to turn our origins of nature. I will support my arguement by the works of writers and researchers on that topic. My whole effort will be on to claim that there is nothing called heteronormativity by nature, it can not be. We can not rule out the genes and instinct behaviour of people. It is just a coverage, to live in a reproductive and moral society.
Milstein, Susan A. Taking Sides Clashing Views in Human Sexuality. Ed. William J. Taverner and Ryan W. McKee. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.
In reality, gender is not based on one’s genetic make-up or their reproductive organs. Expanding on this, an individual does not have any control over their assigned gender, but everyone has a gender identity, which is one’s internal sense of being male or female. From a sociocultural perspective, gender roles have the greatest influence on gender as a social construction. Gender roles are the attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that particular cultural groups associate with each sex. In regards to gender, the social construction theory acknowledges the connection the topic has with power and meaning, and states that social interaction, or “language” controls how these things are portrayed to individuals. Similarly, sexuality is socially constructed in a sense that, one’s sexual orientation depends on what they are taught to be “socially acceptable”. For example, a person who is raised by homophobic parents would most likely be taught that every aspect of homosexuality is wrong, and therefore they would be influenced to be heterosexual. While many would like to believe that people are born with their sexual orientation, that is far from the truth. All in all, when looking at the big picture, it is clear that race, gender,
Words such as love and nurture are used in everyday life. As stated by Ellen C. Perrin and the American Academy of Pediatrics, “ Children may satisfy people’s desire to provide and accept love and nurturing from others and may provide some assurance of and support during their older years ” (Perrin and AAP). Parents of either sexuality understand a common goal, raised children required care. Children with homosexual parents receive the same love like children of heterosexual parents. Oppressors state, that the children will live horrible lives if raised in a homosexual environment. The fact is this, not all homosexual families face the same disapproval from those around them, and the same goes for heterosexual f...
Queer theory is applicable because when Duncan asked Phoebe for a divorce because he was not gay and he wanted to marry another women, Phoebe could not believe that he wasn’t gay, because according to her “he is smart, funny, and throws the greatest Academy Award parties” (Junge, 2004) which are according to her and society is the traits of a gay man. Duncan faked being gay because he thought that if he acted gay he would be able to “fit in” because “he is an ice dancer, and all of his friends are gay” (Junge, 2004). It can be assumed that Duncan acted gay because according to society when you are an ice dancer you have to be gay, because no straight man would be a dancer. Society believes that dancing is an activity that is performed by girls
The Heterosexual matrix consists of three components of gender norms such as sexuality, sex, and gender to which a female should be accompanied to follow these as how she acts and looks to other people. “ ‘For example, those born biologically female will innately and permanently be feminine and heterosexual.’”. (Lecture 8, page 2). This means the matrix outlines what is expected to be from that particular sex and obey the rule to only like the opposite sex, and dress the way one should the opposite sex see. These ideas impact women who play sports by feeling they are judged. Some women naturally like to be a tomboy but to others, it seems offensive or its disrespectful of their perspective and culture. Women feel ashamed and that they feel no respect as an athlete. “Because of the conflation of gender conformity and sexual normality in everyday life, long hair deflects lesbian suspicion by signaling heterosexuality-whether the athlete is straight or not.” (McGann & Musto, 109). This would be part of the gender norm because it has been commonly seen for many traditions that women have their hair classy and long to their sides.
From birth, one's sexuality is shaped by society. Cultures institute behaviors that are to be seen as the societal norms, which work to constantly reinforce societal expectations of how genders should act in relation to one another. Although some may argue that one's sexuality is an innate characteristic resulting from genetic makeup, there is a large amount of evidence pointing to its social construction instead. Through the power differences between males and females, established gender roles, and drastic economic shifts, society establishes sexuality and reinforces the behaviors that are expected of its citizens.
Gender has been around throughout history; however, within recent years, gender has separated itself from the traditional view of sex, e.i., male or female, and has become centered on ones masculinity or femininity. Of course gender is more than just ones masculinity or femininity, gender has become a way for one to describe, he or she, in a way in which they are different from everyone else. Gender has turned into a sense of identity, a way for one to feel different and fulfilled among all of those around them. Of course gender’s sense of freedom would seem outside of structure and only affected by one’s own agency, however, structure is a key component in establishing gender. We can look into both ethnic Mexican’s culture practices regarding sexuality, children songs and games, and see that cultural traditions still heavily influence gender, creating what is masculine and what is feminine and what is the role of each gender, as well as challenging the notions that gender is solely based on agency.
“All men are created equal, No matter how hard you try, you can never erase those words,” Harvey Milk. A homosexual, as defined by the dictionary, is someone of, relating to, or characterized by a tendency to direct sexual desire toward another of the same sex. Homosexuality is ethical, and I will provide rational arguments for, and irrational arguments against the topic. A few objections are as follows: It is forbidden in the Bible and frowned upon by God; It is unnatural; Men and women are needed to reproduce; There are no known examples in nature; and the most common argument that concerns homosexuality is whether it is a choice or human biology.
Even as babies we are already being expose to different gender roles. From the way we grow up in different cultures to how the media portrays things. Although our surroundings cannot influence our gender identity they do have an impact on how we act towards it. When people allow such influences to play a large role in ones life it can become difficult to live the life we want to. It does not matter if you are a straight male, female, or someone from the LGBTQ community; people are expected to act a certain way. People who fall within the LGBTQ community may not even be out because it is hard to be proud of being someone when people have expectations.