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James Watson and his contribution to DNA
James Watson and his contribution to DNA
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Research Task
1)
Francis Crick
Crick played a crucial role in the research related to revealing the helical structure of DNA. He is famously known for the use of the term “central dogma” to summarize the idea that once information is transferred from acids nucleic to proteins it cannot glow back to nucleic acids. In other words, the final step in the final step in the flow of information from nucleic acids to proteins is irreversible.
Rosalind Franklin
She represented the two forms of the molecule, type A and type B, her position being that phosphate units are located in external part of the molecule. She specified the amount of water to be found in the molecule in accordance with other parts of it, data that have considerable importance in terms of stability of the molecule. The other contribution is that she is best known for her work on the X-Ray diffraction images of DNA.
James Watson
Along with Francis Crick he provided data about DNA being a twisted ladder. He built the DNA model and named it Watson and Crock model
2)
Francis Crick was attracted to science and he could learn about it from books. As a child he was taken to church by his parents, but by 12 he said he didn't want to go to church anymore because he preferred scientific research for answers
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This suggests that she was very competitive and when you are competitive you usually want to set the bar and do far better than anyone else and this helped her a lot because she was more focused and determined. This aided a lot on research and work on X-Ray diffraction images of DNA. Other than that she was very intelligent she was interested in science at a very young age which led her to her discoveries because she was
Not only was she smart, she had a lot of leadership skills which was helpful because she was the oldest of ten children. She only grew to about five feet tall and had dark brown hair. In her youth, she enjoyed music, sewing,
It was her cells that became what is known as HELA cells or immortal cells. Her story is interesting to me because of her impact on the science community. Her cells allowed scientist to perform
Edmund Beecher Wilson, a biologist from Columbia University in New York City, made this same discovery at about the same time as Nettie. Nettie also established that chromosomes exist as paired structures in body cells.
Bragg, Melvyn, On Giants' Shoulders: Great Scientists and Their Discoveries from Archimedes to DNA. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
The book Rosalind Franklin and DNA is a biography of Rosalind Franklin written by a British journalist and close friend of hers, Anne Sayre to reveal the true personality of Rosalind Franklin in contradiction to the fallacious character portrayed by James Watson in his personal account of The Double Helix. This book was undertaken to refute Franklin’s distorted portrait from abnormal feminist into rational, perfectionist and talented ‘women’ scientist. She begins by introducing her strong background, curious childhood, dedicated education, generous nature and most importantly how she was brought up in a favorable environment of distinctive Angelo-Jewish family, who identified and cultivated her talents and developed her in a person with full capacity for commitment. In this book, despite admiring the geniuses of Watson in depicting and picking out small information, connecting points and the kind of abilities he possessed was perfectly factitive with Crick that Rosalind and Gosling lacked however, she constantly tries to put the Rosalind’s side of story in picture which she believes was minimized in The Double Helix by Watson and correct her character that distorted in public eye.
It is through science and its use that Galileo claimed one could better find and understand the truths of the Scriptures. If science is used correctly, as a tool to support claims, rather than blindly accepting the claims made by authoritative figures, Galileo claimed one would be able to fulfill the truths mentioned in the bible; to use one’s sense of reason. Religious people can find their solace through science, and scientist can find reason for their science through religion. This is evident in the fact that Galileo was a scientist but also had strongly rooted scriptural beliefs. Through a sense of balance he was able to use his religion to advance his scientific findings, and his science to justify his religion. With the right balance between the two one will be able to live an enlightened and enriched life.
Francis Crick articulated that in order to better understand the brain, scientists would need to be able to control specific types of cells or individual neurons (Crick, 1979). He stated that if this was possible, researchers could activate a single neuron and watch the cascade of other neurons being activated. Or inhibit a neuron and observe what other cells around it followed. Crick continues and believed that this would someday be possible. His knowledge of the visual system, a system of the brain that responds to light, must of led to his thoughts that we could create neurons that express a sensitivity to light in every division of the brain.
Not just the catholic church, but the new reformed religions such as lutheranism. Martin Luther, the founder of Lutheranism, discusses the events of the new scientific findings in document 3. He says that the new scientific discoveries are just fools. He does not appreciate it because he is a very religious man who lives strictly by the bible. “Joshua commanded the sun top stand still, and not the earth.”(Joshua 10:13). Luther does not want people to believe these new discoveries and lose people from the church. The scientific impacted europe religion in a huge way. It made people realize that not everything the church has teached us is true and to prove everything yourself. This is the attitude that led to the enlightenment. Luther views the scientific revolution as a threat to his church, where as John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism, agrees with the new scientific findings as said in document 4. Calvin says that the new findings supports the evidence of God and even proves His existence. “This art [astronomy] unfolds the admirable wisdom of God(4).” With the scientific revolution slowly gaining the support from different churches, the new ideas and discoveries start to be supported by
Francis Bacon helped to pioneer the new science steering people away from Aristotelian teachings. He helped to bring the scientific method to a place of learning from observation and experimentation. He felt that science should be judged by the usefulness of the results (Greenwood, 2009). Bacon projected that many great things might come out of this empirical approach, but what has ensued in the centuries that followed, Bacon and others might not have predicted.
She had many struggles trying to receive higher education because of the restrictions women had when it came to furthering ones education. But after many attempts, she was able to study with the great German mathematician Karl Weierstrass. She worked with him for the next four years and then in 1874, received her doctorate. By this time, she had published numerous original papers in the field of higher mathematical analysis and applications to astronomy and physics. But despite all her attempts, and brilliance, she was still a woman in her time period, and therefore unable to find a job in academia. Weierstrass had tried helping her find a job because he was astonished with her abilities and intellectual capacity, but had no luck because after all, she was still a woman.
Francis Crick: He does the same research with Watson and they are both teammates. He is also eager to know what is in DNA and the relationship of it with the double-helix, but at the same time is disorganised, and expected Watson to do a majority of work.
One of the strongest women scientist/astronomer was born in 1818 as Maria Mitchell whom led an unbelievable life and had an incredible discovery. Maria Mitchell was born when women were not given the opportunity to vote nor did women have the same equal rights as men did, but given her circumstances of her father being a principal, founding his own school and being a distant family member of Benjamin Franklin she was given the same rights as the men did. Given a few obstacles she led an extraordinary life and became the first woman in America to work as an astronomer professionally, which she than later received an award personally from King Frederick VII, for her work and discovery.
"The discovery of the structure by Crick and Watson, with all its biological implications, has been one of the major scientific events of this century." (Bragg, The Double Helix, p1) In the story of The Double Helix, James Watson tells of the road that led to the discovery of life's basic building block-DNA. This autobiography gives insight into science and the workings within a professional research laboratory that few members of society will ever be able to experience. It also gives the reader an idea of the reality of life for one scientist and how he struggled with the problem of DNA. However, the author's style is marked by his lack of objectivity and inclusion of many biased opinions and personal prejudices.
...wever, in the best interest of advancing education and an enlightened society, science must be pursued outside of the realm of faith and religion. There are obvious faith-based and untestable aspects of religion, but to interfere and cross over into everyday affairs of knowledge should not occur in the informational age. This overbearing aspect of the Church’s influence was put in check with the scientific era, and the Scientific Revolution in a sense established the facet of logic in society, which allows us to not only live more efficiently, but intelligently as well. It should not take away from the faith aspect of religion, but serve to enhance it.
Before this revolution, the Roman Catholic church held a monopoly on most scientific research. The majority of scientists were monks or members of universities where a study of the natural world was viewed through the lens of Scripture. Even Copernicus 's studies of the rotation of the planets and his original heliocentric model of the universe were created to help the papacy build a better calender so that it could properly celebrate Easter. However, during and after the Scientific Revolution, philosophers and scientists began moving toward a belief that the spiritual world was outside of the physical world, and that religious beliefs should be considered separate from scientific study. This turn in thinking is seem in Galileo 's attempt to reinterpret the Bible to fit the new research being done. Despite the Church 's attempts to crack down on theories that contradicted its own beliefs, these new ideas permeated the society. After the Revolution, society had mostly turned to a belief that the Church and science were separate entities, and that religion was not over study of the natural