The Feminist Critique: With Mary Whiton Calkins It matters who the makers of scientific knowledge are because their background knowledge, values, and concepts determine their choices about what they investigate and observe. The Feminist Critique is the argument among feminist scientists and philosophers that the lack of diversity among scientists is responsible for biases in the natural and social sciences (Barker & Kitcher, 2014). In the 20th century, scientists realized that they were not as objective as they thought, which lead to this idea. A student of William James, Mary Whiton Calkins grew up in an intellectually stimulating early environment. She was fluent in both German and English because when she grew up, her parents only spoke German to each other. At the age of 17, her father sent her to Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. After graduating from Smith, she taught Greek at Wellesley College. She also attended Harvard seminars offered by Josiah She viewed the self as being active, guiding, and purposive. She considered the conscious self to be the main focus of psychology and opposed behaviorist and Gestalt formulations. Calkins’ self psychology foretold personality theory, which was later developed by Harvard psychologist, Gordon W. Allport (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012). Calkins was the first woman to be elected president of the APA. She gradually gave up psychology for philosophy, where she became the first woman elected president of the American Philosophical Association. Calkins, along with two other women were ranked among their peers to be three of the fifty most important American psychologists and their names were included in the biographical dictionary American Men of Science. Calkins, along with Christine Ladd-Franklin and Margaret Floy Washburn, helped open the door to graduate training for the next generation of women (Fancher & Rutherford,
Rossiter, Margaret W. (1982). Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Her plan was a success and she was able to start her own women’s nursing corps. Because of their efforts and determination, those two women were acknowledged for helping allowing women to become nurses
Feminist Criticism of When It Changed Whileaway, the all-female utopia in "When It Changed," offers the women a society with no gender boundaries. The female colony was created when a plague killed all men six centuries earlier. Using a method of reproduction involving the merging of two ova, which results in female children with a mixture of genes from both mothers, allowing the women-only society to flourish (Wahlstrom 521). In their female perfect society, masculine and feminine work is distributed equally amongst the women, without negative gender biases until the men of Earth arrive at Whileaway to "perfect" the female society with men. After a confrontation, the women know that it will only be a limited amount of time before the men take over the colony of Whileaway.
It is unthinkable of getting kicked out of a kingdom for something so simple as to cry out and wail when the person in question is in heartbreaking pain. Yet, for Medea this unthinkable moment becomes reality when, Creon, King of Corinth stops by to speak with Medea. Creon just appears with his bodyguards and starts to speak, “take those sullen looks and angry thoughts against thy husband forth from this land in exile, and with thee take both thy children” (128-130). Because he is king, Creon’s word is the law and his word is for Medea and her kids to be exiled and leave Corinth because of how much Medea grieves for her husband and his new wife, stating that he will not leave until they leave. This act of demanding Medea to leave shows the kind of the power men use to rule others who cannot fight back. Creon rather looks
...s" and not to discriminate on the basis and premise of sex. Even though few women benefitted from the scheme, Justice Stewart noted that "veteran's status's not uniquely male." Furthermore, the law placed many men who were not veterans at a disadvantage as well.
Feminist Theory is an aspect of considering feminism as having been based on socio-phenomenon issues rather than biological or scientific. It appreciates gender inequality, analyzes the societal roles played by feminists in a bid to promote the interests, issues and rights of women in the society. It is also based on the assumption that women play subsidiary roles in the society. The whole idea of feminism has however experienced hurdles in the form of stereotyping by the wider society. This paper tries to examine some of the effects of stereotypes that feminism goes through, what other philosophers say and the way forward towards ending stereotyping.
The passage of time allows for great change in the world. Given enough time, a desert can become a sea and a plain can become a mountain if the conditions are right. Human society can be compared to these natural phenomenon in the idea that society can have radical changes given the right forces and allowed enough time. This can be seen in the great revolutions of the world such as the Industrial Revolution, an economic boom, the American Revolution, a political movement, and the Civil Rights Movement, a social revolution. The focus of this research is how the feminist movement has been and is viewed but the American public and how it has affected the economic and social standing of women in the past three generations. Through the interviews of Patricia Santangelo, Barbara Santangelo, and Larissa DePamphilis, this investigation hopes to analysis the differing views on feminism, gender roles, and educational and economic opportunities for women in the generations of the Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y.
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian author who has received numerous awards and distinctions. Her main argument is that everyone should be a feminist not because of our gender, but because it is what is right. Adichie has been featured in Beyonce’s song, “Flawless”, spreading awareness to the idea of feminism. “We Should All Be Feminists” is a book about her experiences in Nigeria, where men are more powerful than women. The intended audience of the passage is each and every person residing in heavily patriarchal societies. Hesr thesis is “we should all be feminists”.
How Has Feminism Art Helped Develop Post Modern Culture For Minorities. Feminism developed in four different sections, starting in the 1900 's. Women fought for acknowledgement of their suffering and gender equality. The second focused on 'emancipation and the body ' between the 1960 's up to the 70 's. Then the third celebrates differences rather than equality (1980 's to the 1990 's), But in the present day Artists draw from all three of these developments to further into post-feminism.
There are ten different types of feminism in our society, but there are three forms of feminism that were brought up in class: Liberal, Radical, and Post-Modern. Liberal feminism is where individuals focus on women’s ability to keep equality through their own actions and choices. Liberals argue that society believe that women are less capable than men intellectually and physically by nature. I believe that Ellen James (the original) was a form of a liberal feminist. She did not want the Ellen James (group) to self-mutilate themselves in her name. She sent Jenny Fields a picture of herself begging Jenny to have the Ellen James group to stop their protest. I believe that Helen falls within this type of feminist rather than a post-modern feminist. Helen was not the typical housewife; she worked, but did not cook or clean. In the movie, Garp did most of the
In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology,
The purpose of this research project is to see who is considered a feminist, and why, in the eyes of three women and three men. To see what they believe the behaviors, ideologies, beliefs, and values of a feminist is. The participants have been interviewed and given questions towards feminism found in the textbook "The Psychology of Women" by Margaret Matlin. I chose to do this particular study because there seems to be a lot of controversy about just the word feminism. There are so many mixed beliefs about it. This seems like the perfect study to really see what women and men think about it, at least six participants think about it.
The noun " feminism " is derived from the French in the 19th century . It refers to the campaign at first but now women have been endowed with greater meaning when it is used extensively in many places. Feminism was born because there are those who feel that women have been oppressed by injustice exists between man and woman . Oppression of women is a human act under social institution and it is not biologkal . Thus, the women themselves able to change this situation .
Feminism is the belief in social, economic, and political equality between men and women. For many years women have strived for equality with men, and feminism is helping women to achieve that mark. The issue of feminism has been a part of the culture since the American Revolution, which will be discussed. Feminism is helping the world to expand its growth by providing equal opportunities to both men and women. There has been a drastic change due to feminist approaches to problems faced by women in the social, economic, and political world. So the progress of women from ‘homemakers’ to ‘breadwinners’ is an answer to gender inequality, which indeed existed in society but is now being slowly demolished by feminist approaches.
One can hardly talk of a single united feminism, but rather, manifold feminisms. The US feminist movement ‘s main global struggle has been to enable ‘womankind’ to fully lead her existence and live her humanity by standing against the injustices of the dominant patriarchy and sexist discrimination . Throughout history, the dominant mainstream Feminism ( with capital F) tends to have been related to conform to the aspiration of the educated middle-class heterosexual white women who have traditionally been given unequal power to widen their significance--but the movement has lately had more ramifications. Currently, there are different kinds of feminism whose disagreements stem from fundamental intrinsic understanding of what feminism, sexism or phallocentrism mean. Each trend views it from a different perspective as in accordance with its motives or concerns. Nonetheless, they share common claims as to “the body, class and work, disability, the family, globalization, human rights, popular culture, race and racism, reproduction, science, the self, sex work, and sexuality.”