The timber suitability for pulpwood can be estimated using several properties prior to pulping and papermaking works are carried out. Fibre morphology and chemical compositions are good indicators of wood suitability for pulpwood. The chemical composition of pulpwood has significant influences on the pulping process and pulp quality. Major wood components include cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and extractives. Cellulose content determines the potential recovery or yield of pulp from wood. High cellulose content is always for pulp production. Cellulose is categorised into hemicelluloses and alpha-cellulose. Aalpha-cellulose is more resistant towards acid and alkali due to its higher degree of polymerization (DP), in the range of 10000 compared to DP between 100 and 200 for hemicelluloses (Stenius 2000). Hemicellulose has lower molecular weights and acts a link between fibrous cellulose and lignin. In papermaking, hemicelluloses contributes to paper strength. The second most important wood component is lignin. Lignin holds wood fibres together and insoluble in …show more content…
After 30 minutes, another 5 ml of acetic acid was added, followed by 1.5 g of NaClO2the following 30 minutes. These steps were repeated until a total of 6 g of NaClO2 was added. The mixture was heated for a further 30 minutes after the final sodium chlorite addition. The suspension was then cooled in an ice bath before being filtered using sintered glass crucible and rinsed with cold distilled water. A final wash was carried out using acetone. The crucible with holocellulose was air dried in an air-conditioned room until constant weight was achieved for further alpha-cellulose analysis. For hemicellulose determination, the oven-dry weight of cellulose was used for
Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) and Pulp and Lumber Production. Introduction Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is commercially one of the four most important conifers in the southeastern United States. In fact, shortleaf pine has the widest range of all southern pines, spreading from Florida to New Jersey and from North Carolina to Oklahoma. Sidney Investments, a firm based in Dallas, Texas, is considering the purchase of a 360-acre parcel of forested land located in the Quachita Mountains of eastern Oklahoma. This land has been under timber production through one rotation to this point.
Streak plate technique was used to isolate pure culture for each bacteria (2). The Gram stain was used to determine Gram reaction and morphology of each bacteria (2) Selective and differential media such as, salt agar, MacConkey agar and blood agar were used for bacterial identification (2). Gelatin deeps were inoculated to detect production of gelatinase (2). Starch Agar plate were inoculated to detect amylase (2). Ocular reticle used to determine bacteria size (2). Motility deeps were inoculated to detect motility on bacteria (2). Thioglycollate broth used to determine oxygen requirements (2). Carbohydrate fermentation
Strength and durability are key factors when using southern yellow pine to build. Southern yellow pine is a pressure treated wood which makes it durable and resistant against rot and insects. This is helpful when it comes to building a deck because its guaranteed to last longer and not have as many problems. This wood is proven too last at least 15 years when treated correctly and can last even longer if treated with water repellent every two years. Brady Bult, who is a professional builder, says “Southern Yellow Pine has the highest density of all commonly used structural lumber species, providing superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity”(Cite). Brady says this to explain the strength of the wood and that it can hold more weight than other kinds of wood. There is also a chemical for southern yellow pine called ACQ preserve. This is preserved without arsenate and protects against termites, decay, and fungi which protects the deck and also strengthens it too last longer. Sou...
P-hydroxyphenyl lignin:- Compression wood, which has a high excessive proportion of phenylpropare units of the P-hydrophenyl type in addition to the normal quaiacyl
Cellulases are o- glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyse β-1,4 glucosidic bonds in cellulose. Cellulase system is grouped into “glycoside hydrolases (GH) family” classified by different means, according to their substrate specifities, reaction, mechanisms or structural similarities. The cellulase complex is found to contain three basic components which may be present either as single polypeptide or can be grouped together into multienzyme complex known as cellulosome. Cellulase system is composed of three main classes based on their activity toward a wide range of substrates. This is rather difficult, since the enzymes have overlapping specificities toward substrates which themselves are poorly defined. The three main classes are:
Despite of general properties of enzymes, the properties also varies from where it comes from and how it been produced. For instance, the enzymatic saccharification method in lignocellulosic bioethanol is generated by hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicelluloses. This method gets high attention because of its higher theoretical yield compared to other methods (Taneda et al., 2012). Acremonium cellulolyticus with high activities of cellulase, amylase and pectinase enzymes allow it for the easy separation of solids/liquids in potato pulp, resulting in high saccharification efficiency and a high recovery rate of products (Gao et al., 2014). On the other hand, Enzyme-modified carboxymethyl starch (ECMS) is beneficial in enhancing water holding capacity, emulsion stability and improving sensory characteristics of sausages with a declined fat content (Luo and Xu, 2011). Lipases and phospholipases of dormant cotton seeds have stability in heat, various media and nature of the hydrolysis of the lipids properties (Rakhi...
extracted from the stem and used to make rope, stout fabrics, paper, fuel, food, plastic, composite
The choice of wood also affects the violin's acoustical properties. Traditionally, violin makers used spruce and maple fr...
During the incubation, in an Erlenmeyer flask, 1X Tris Acetate EDTA (1 mL) and powder agarose (0.4 g) were dissolved in dH2O (49 mL). Then the solution was microwave for 2 minutes and allowed to cool to room temperature. Then SafeRed concentrate (2.5 µL) was added to the solution and it was poured into the gel box and allowed to solidify.
Nova Scotia is comprised of many forested ecosystems; hardwoods, others with softwoods and some with a mixture of both species. In order to maintain and develop these various ecosystems it is important to know how forest management impacts not only the forest itself but also other ecosystems within. For example, a clear-cut harvest can be compared to the same impact of a forest fire. However, forest fires do not remove everything which clear-cutting does. Recently clear-cutting techniques have changed to benefit Nova Scotia ecosystems by leaving clumps of trees, snags, and strips of forest to provide travel ways for wildlife. Forestry is also investigating other related issues of ecosystem management. To create and maintain the diversity of trees with a region (i.e. Hardwood and softwood), landowners leave several stands of both young and old growth within natural forest stands to enhance the biodiversity and health of the forest site. Normally clearcutting results in the re-planting of tree seedlings, however some species (spruce, pine) overpower the growth of the hardwood trees. This minimizes the level of specie diversity among a timber stand. By allowing these older sections of stands to remain aids to the natural growth and development of hardwood species. Also, the wood debris, a remnant of old forest growth is essential to the survival of many forest species and also acts as a recycler of nutrients back into the soil. During forest harvesting it is not always necessary to remove all the wood from the lot. Rotten or older growth can be left to contribute to the nourishment of natural forests.
He says walnut wood is also a dense wood that gives the guitar a lower sounding tone.
Matus M. (9, April 2012). Super-Durable Material Made from Wood Waste is Stronger, Cheaper, and Lighter Than Kevlar. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/super-durable-material-made-from-wood-waste-is-stronger-cheaper-and-lighter-than-kevlar/
Introduction: Purifying proteins is an important part of biology because it can help identify the function of that protein. Once a protein’s function has been identified, it can be manipulated to see how the function would change if the protein was changed. A common way to purify a protein is through Ion Exchange Chromatography, which is where charged proteins will bind to the beads in the column to purify it from the solution (Berg JM, 2002). The purpose of this experiment is to use Ion Exchange Chromatography to purify cellulase.
Wood plays an essential role in our daily lives as they form the base of many types of furniture we use. Whether considering indoor or outdoor furniture, the choice of wood typically leads the pack in preference due to its variety in look, feel, and lifespan. Simply put, they can provide a memorable, unique, and elegant ambiance to any place you choose for the rest of your life.
The preparation of making wood into a pulp for papermaking is accomplished in two different ways. In the groundwood process, blocks of wood are held against a fast revolving grindstone that shreds off short wood fibbers from the block. The fibbers produced by this process are short and are used only in the production of cheap newsprint and used to be added with other types of wood fibber in the making of high-quality paper. Another technique uses a chemical-solvent processes where wood chips are treated with solvents that remove “resinous material and lignin” from the wood, leaving pure fibbers of cellulose.