The word aneurysm comes from the latin word aneurysma, which means dilation. An aneurysm is an abnormal local dilation in the wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery. It can be caused by a defect, a disease, or an injury. A cerebral aneurysm is an abnormal focal dilation of an artery located in the brain that results from a weakening of the inner muscular layer called the intima of a blood vessel wall (Brisman, 2014). The vessel develops a blister-like dilation that becomes thin and may rupture without warning. The rupture causes bleeding into the space around the brain which produces a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This kind of hemorrhage can lead to a stroke, coma , and/or death (Singla & Hoh, 2015). The most common place for a cerebral …show more content…
It is the junction of two carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. This junction, where the arteries all come together, has a high possibility of forming weak spots that become more prone to fill up with blood and balloon out forming a sac-shaped aneurysm (Wedro, 2016). Smaller arteries branch out from this center and supply oxygenated blood to 80% of the cerebrum (Kantor, 2015).
Cerebral aneurysms are all different. They vary in shape, size, and location. Cerebral aneurysms are classified into three basic types based on their shape. These types are saccular, lateral, and fusiform (Zuccarello, 2016). Saccular aneurysms account for 90% of all aneurysm shape types (Buckley, 2016). This type forms a sac outside the artery that looks like a berry, therefore commonly referred to as a “berry aneurysm” (Brisman, 2014). It is attached by a neck of stem to an artery or a branch of a blood vessel. It is usually located on arteries at the base of the brain. A lateral aneurysm appears as a bulge on one
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Aneurysms can be present in anybody at any age (Koroshetz, 2015). They usually do not exhibit any symptoms or dangers if unruptured. The following risk factors however may increase your risk for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. They are age, family history, previous aneurysm, gender, race, high blood pressure, smoking, and drug and alcohol abuse (Koroshetz, 2015). Cerebral aneurysms are rarely developed in infants and children. Manifestation increases directly with age eventually reaching its peak among those between the ages of 55-60 (Liebeskind, 2015). Women are more likely to develop a brain aneurysms or to suffer a subarachnoid hemorrhage than men. African Americans are more prone than whites to suffer from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Those with high blood pressure or habits of smoking also increase their chances of a brain aneurysm rupturing. That being stated, not all aneurysms will rupture. An estimated 50 to 80 percent of all aneurysms never rupture in a person’s lifetime (Liebeskind, 2015). The true danger with a cerebral aneurysm is the possibility of it rupturing and bleeding into the brain. This bleeding can lead to a hemorrhagic stroke, permanent nerve damage, or death. Once an aneurysm bursts it can rerupture and continue bleeding into the brain while forming additional aneurysms. Bleeding into the brain lasts only a few seconds, but if can cause very severe complications. Commonly the
This damage is called chronic traumatic encephalopathy and it occurs when individuals suffer from many concussions or any other form of head injury. This damage has a lasting affect and can cause people to die at an earlier age then which they should. The life expectancy goes down for people with chronic
The Structure and Functions of the Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that convey blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The arteries expand and then constrict with each beat of the heart, a rhythmic movement that may be felt as the pulse. Arteries are usually named from the part of the body that they are found, for example; brachial artery found in the arms, metacarpal artery found in the wrist; or from the organ which they supply as the hepatic artery supplies the liver, pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood the lungs. The facial artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that passes up over the lower jaw and supplies the superficial portion of the face; the haemorrhoidal arteries are three vessels that supply the lower end of the rectum; the intercostal arteries are the arteries that supply the space between the ribs; the lingual artery is the branch of the external carotid artery that supplies the tongue. The structure of the artery enables it to perform its function more efficiently.
Small vessel disease affects the intracerebral arterial system. A stroke due to impedimenta of these vessels is referred to as a lacunar infarction. Lacunar infarctions are small (0 2 to 15 millimeter in diameter) noncortical infarctions caused by occlusion of a single penetrating branch of a large cerebral arterial blood vessel. Lacunar stroke has 5 classic syndromes and motor stroke is the most syndrome. The typical presentation is hemiparesis of face, arm or leg of one side. Clinical symptoms of stroke are slurred speech, right hand numbness, weak right mitt grip, and right sided facial palsy.(health direct, 2014)and most common among ischemic strokes (Rathore, Hinn, Cooper, Tyroler, & Rosamond, 2002).
While doing research on how concussions affected the brain, they came upon SIS. SIS raised concern in the sports community, they found that they need to be more cautious with the care and d management of athletes the suffered head injuries. '" occurs when an athlete who has sustained an initial head injury, most often a concussions, then sustains a second head injury before symptoms associated with the first have fully healed (Cantu and Voy 1995).'" Michael Bay was a athlete that got a concussions, shortly after he was hit again while being in practice. Mr. Bay die in a deep coma, after the medical examiner perform the autopsy it was found that Michael cause of death was a massive cerebral edema ( a cerebral edema is "the accumulation of fluid in and resultant swelling of the brain that may be caused by trauma, a tumor, lack of oxygen at high altitudes, or exposure to toxic substances." MedlinePlus). The next one is the intracranial injury, there are four major types of intracranial injuries: epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intracranial hematoma, and cerebral contusion. The epidural hematoma is a bleeding that develops between the dura and the cranial bones. Subdural hematoma is also a bleed, but it develops below the dura mater. The intracranial hematoma is a bleed that happens within the brain tissue. And the last one the cerebral contusion is
Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions may seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
A serious brain injury could lead to bleeding in or around your brain, causing symptoms that may develop right away or later.
In conclusion, head injuries are serious business and should always be treated as if it could be fatal. New information and products are being made to help curb the increasing amount of concussions. Even though the number of concussions have increased over the years, there have been steps that are being made to cut down on the number of injuries. Concussions can be potentially be fatal and can have many side effects, both now and later in life. Such side effects can include headaches, inattention, loss of short-term and long-term memory, loss of motor skills, and even disturbances in sleep. It cannot be stressed enough to not shrug off any type of injuries, especially a concussion.
Strokes are not only the leading cause of mentally disabling adults, but they are also the third most common reason for deaths worldwide (Jarvis, 2012). In general, a stroke, also called a “cerebrovascular accident,” occurs when blood flow of the vascular system is blocked from reaching parts of the brain (Jarvis, 2012). There are two types of stroke, an ischemic stroke or a hemorrhagic stroke, and they differ in the way they affect the vascular system. An ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes, and it is due to a thrombus or embolus blocking blood vessels supplying the brain (Durukan & Tatlisumak, 2007). A hemorrhagic stroke is less common, but is caused by the rupturing of a blood vessel in the brain and causes bleeding (Jarvis, 2012).
Choice "C" is not the best answer. A large craniotomy over the thickest portion of the clot is the usual procedure used to decompress the brain in acute subdural hemorrhage. The Sylvian fissure is included in the exposure, if possible, as this is the most likely location of a ruptured cortical bridging vein, especially in trauma. A craniotomy is used to stop active bleeding and to evacuate any hematoma. The clot usually has a consistency that is too firm to allow removal through burr holes
Anatomies that form the lateral medullar include nucleus solitaries, nucleus ambiguus , descending sympathetic fibres, spinothalamic tract, trigeminal nucleus and tract, vestibular nuclei and inferior cerebellar peduncle. The spinal cord caudally, the pons rostrally, the posterior lateral sulcus, dorsally and anterior lateral sulcus rostrally border and the area of the lateral medulla. As the brain is permeated by inter alia, the PICA, interference of the supply of the vascular in posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome can also often lead to some extent of cerebellar function impairment even though it is not regarded an aspect of the illness
The arteries that take the blood to the head are found in something called aortic arch. After the blood goes through the arch, it’s distributed to the rest of the body. From the aorta, blood is sent to other arteries, where it gives oxygen to every cell.
It is caused by clot that blocks blood vessels from supplying blood to the brain through cerebrovascular events. If there is no blood in the brain, then there is no oxygen or nutrients because it is blood that supplies it to the brain. This can cause permanent brain damage which can cause inflammation. Fasting has there been known to be effective and efficient against stroke because it increases cognitive functioning and health of the brain. In addition, fasting has been known to increase neuro-protective proteins and reduction in inflammatory substance known as cytokines. This is critical reducing the chances of damaging the brain that can cause
My objective in the long term is to provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with “anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)”, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadly strain of encephalitis, I have a personal perspective that I feel brings much to the discussion. I see the information I am currently gathering at Empire State College as the building blocks that pave the way to a thrilling career in a growing segment of the mental health industry. The CDC claims that approximately 1.4 million Americans suffer TBIs annually (Centers for Disease Control Injury Center May 30, 2007 Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths) and it has been called the “signature injury” of the current wars in Iraq & Afghanistan by the National Alliance on Mental Illness. As such, it is my belief that we need to focus time and energy on developing new programs to help these patients to cope with the new limitations and encourage rehabilitation and restoration.
If something happens to interrupt the flow of blood, brain cells start to die within minutes because they can’t get oxygen. This is called a stroke. Sudden bleeding in the brain also can cause a stroke if it damages brain cells. A stroke can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death.
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the movement of blood through the network of blood vessels supplying the brain. The typical rate of blood flow in an adult is 750 millilitres per minute (AnaesthesiaUK, 2007). The arteries deliver oxygenated blood and other nutrients to the brain to ensure proper function. Studying blood flow is important for several reasons; the primary reason being the tight coupling between brain function and blood flow. This means that the brain is extremely vulnerable to reductions in blood flow beyond a certain level. When deficits occur to the CBF, cerebrovascular problems can occur such as strokes. Strokes occur when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain resulting in cell death. The result of a stroke causes part of the brain to no longer function as it should.