Bio 105 - Homework Solutions Chapters 3 1. Monomers and polymers are both what make up macromolecules, polymers are the larger of the two molecules, monomer molecules are what helps string all of them together. 2. The four macromolecules found in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 3. Monosaccharides are simple sugars and made from one sugar source, an example is honey. Disaccharides are made from two monosaccharides sugar sources such as in milk which has glucose and galactose. Polysaccharides are made from long chains of sugar one source of polysaccharides are starchy foods like potato’s they are also harder to break down. 4. The different types of lipids are fats, and these can be either saturated or unsaturated. There are also steroids which work with hormones. Finally there are phospholipids …show more content…
Fats are made up of two components, first is glycerol which are the backbone of the fatty structure and a fatty acid which attaches to the glycerol. Unsaturated fats have less hydrogen and are easier to break down. Saturated fats have the most hydrogen allowed, and are harder to break down. 6. There are 20 different types of aminol acids. A carbon atom bonds is what bonds the amino acids together. 7. What is denaturation, and what will cause protein denaturation? Denaturation is the breaking down of a protein, once broken it no longer functions, this is done by a chemical reaction. What can cause this to break down are high levels of heat, which in a way cooks the protein. 8. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the chemical reaction but don’t change the temperature. To control enzymes a competitive inhibitor needs to be introduces to stop the production of the enzyme making it a non-competitive. High fever in essences cooks the protein and inhibits it from functioning. 9. What is the general structure of a nucleotide? The structure of a nucleotide is as follows phosphate, a five carbon sugar and a nitrogen
Acid or base-catalyzed hydrolysis yields the component fatty acid, some examples of which are given in the following table, together with the alcohol component of the lipid. These long-chain carboxylic acids are generally referred to by their common names, which in most cases reflect their sources. Natural fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, and as the following data indicate, the saturated acids have higher melting points than unsaturated acids of corresponding size. The double bonds in the unsaturated compounds listed on the right are all cis (or
Carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of a chain or ring of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates are important to organisms for a variety of reasons. They are used to form the structural components of the cell, aid in energy storage, and serve as intermediary compounds for more complex molecules. Carbohydrates are classified as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Both monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve easily in water. Carbohydrates are produced in plants through the process of photosynthesis and animals obtain these carbohydrates by eating the plants. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2016)
Fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are known as essential fatty acid because they cannot be synthesized in the body so must be supplied in the food. Human being lacks the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbons 9 & 10. About 20 different fatty acids are synthesized from the two essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Omega three fatty acid is synthesized from linolenic acid and omega six fatty acid is synthesized from linolic acid.
In this lecture, it talks about fat and how it affects us and our bodies. There are two main different types of fat, saturated and unsaturated. Many types of saturated fat are found in meat and dairy products. These fats are hard to break down for cells, because of this, they tend to get tucked away and build up over time if worked off. Unsaturated fats are found in olive oil and other plant oils. These types of fat are readily consumed for energy.
The Structure and Function of Carbohydrates Large biological molecules are called macromolecules, there are giant molecules (polymers) made up of repeating units (monomers). Carbohydrates are one of the main classes of biological molecules. Macromolecule units (monomers) are joined together by condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions split macromolecules down into their individual units. Carbohydrates are molecules that contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms (the same proportion as in water).
-Fats are good for body energy stores and contribute to healthy development of cells. Good fats are the unsaturated kind, and should comprise
Fats contain 3 fatty acids, each of which are connected to a single glycerol molecule through an ester linkage (a bond between carboxyl and hydroxyl). The resulting fat is triacylglycerol sometimes called triglyceride.
Macromolecules are the four biopolymers nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates, lipids, as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as lipids and macrocycles.Carbohydrates act as quick energy and help with structure support for cells.Proteins may provide structure, serve as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions, and provide some energy.Lipids make up their plasma membrane, provide cushioning and insulation in larger organisms, and help with energy storage.Nucleic Acids carry all the codes for the functioning of the cell, have the ability to make new cells, and to heredity.
Polypeptides are made up of long unbranched chains composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The general structure of the amino acid is an amino group and carboxyl group bonded to a central carbon atom with an additional hydrogen and a functional side group indicated by R. Methionine is one of the macromolecules that can form an amino acid. It is often the first amino acid in a chain of amino acids.
In total, there are around 20 amino acids that the human body uses to build proteins.
The main building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerin. The elements of lipids are the same as carbohydrates, CHO. What lipids are is stored energy. Even though carbohydrates and lipids are made up of the same elements, they are different. The difference is their structures. Some examples of lipids are fats and oils, saturated: animals, and unsaturated: plants. One of the test you could do to see if there is lipids in a food is the lipid test. This is how you do the lipid test. Step 1. Rub a small amount of sample on a square of brown paper bag. Step 2. Brush off excess food. Step 3. Let paper dry. Step 4. If lipids (fats) are present, a greasy or oily stain will show up when paper s dry and held up to the
Each protein is a large complex molecule; these molecules are made up of. of a string of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that occur naturally to form proteins and they all have the same basic structure. The. The 20 amino acids the body needs can be linked in.
“Proteins are complex molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (sometimes sulphur and phosphorus)” (TutorVista.com, 2014, p. xx-xx). There are four levels to protein structure, there is primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and lastly quaternary structure. Each structure has a unique shape.
There are many more lipids than I have mentioned in my research paper, there are over a 100 know lipids. Lipids are very important for our body and cells and they carry out many function. They provide nutrients for our body. Lipids are a category of nutrients. Lipids consist of fats, oils, and waxes and are very important for are body’s health. Lipids are important for the human body because they are for storing energy, they’re good at storing energy because they can concentrate a group of calories in a smaller area. Lipids are also used to make soaps, detergents and waxes. These are things that we use in every day life.
Saturated fats come from animal sources like steak, hamburger and pork. Unsaturated fats are derived from plants. There are also trans fats that are considered poison for the body. They raise the bad cholesterol in your body, and should never be included in a healthy diet. There are also fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 that are good for a healthy body.