The breast is a muscle connected to the chest wall made up of fatty tissues containing milk-forming glands that drain into the breast ducts during breast-feeding, and then leave the ducts through the nipple (Newson et al). These glands can decrease or increase in number and size. Breast lumps or cysts can form in various tissues or components that make up the breast. The English diction cyst comes from the Ancient Greek word kystis, meaning “bladder” or “pouch”. A cyst is an organ or cavity containing a liquid, semisolid or gaseous secretion. Cysts appear within tissue and can affect any part of the human body. They range in size from minuscule to the mass of team-sport balls such as tennis or baseballs. Cysts are also referred to as any normal bag or sac in the body, such as the bladder.
Abnormal cysts have a distinct membrane and division on nearby tissue of the outer or capsular portion of the wall of the area it is located. There are three different types of benign breast lumps: cyst, fibro adenomas and pseudo lumps. Fibro adenoma is a benign breast lump that usually occurs in women under the age of forty and is usually genetically passed down from their mothers. They can sometimes disappear on their own accord
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It is usually found in one breast but can affect both breast at the same time. Increase in lump size and breast tenderness happens just before the menstrual cycle and decreases in size and resolution after the menstrual cycle. Having one or many cysts does not increase one’s risk of breast cancer but it may interfere with the ability to detect abnormal changes that may need to be evaluated. The supporting tissue that gives the breast shape is made up of fatty tissue and fibrous connective tissue. Cysts develop when there is an overgrowth of glands and fibrocystic changes within the milk ducts causing them to dilate and fill with fluid (Laronga et
Neoplasms are abnormal growths of new tissue. They are described as benign or malignant. Benign neoplasms are formed from the same type of tissue they come from. Malignant ...
Kidney stones they say “is as old as malady”. Due to the fact that it was found in mummies of over 700years ( kidney analysis). Remedies for kidney stones could be achie...
Although, most teratomas are benign due to being encapsulated, some have to the potential to be malignant. Moreover, a teratoma can be categorized into one of two groups, mature and immature. A mature teratoma is usually benign, and is either solid, cystic, or both (see fig 2). Mature teratomas differentiate highly, and contain all types of tissues. A specific kind of mature teratoma that commonly contains hair follicles inside, is known as a dermoid cyst, and is occurs mostly in the ovaries and in the sutures of the skull (see fig 3).
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucous that can cause severe damage to the body’s organs. Mucous is usually a slippery substance that lubricates and protects the linings of the airway, digestive system, reproductive system and other organs and tissue. Problems with digestion can lead to diarrhea, malnutrition, poor growth, and weight-loss. Due to the abnormally thick mucous it can can clog airways, leading to breathing problems and bacterial infections in the lungs. Bacterial infections can lead to coughing, wheezing and inflammation. Overtime these infections can lead to permanent damage in the lungs including the formation of scar tissue, known as fibrosis and cysts in the lungs (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). The symptoms and signs of this disease vary but mostly include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems. An individuals’ lungs who are infected by cystic fibrosis have bacteria from an early stage. This bacteria can spread to the small airways, leading to the formation of bacterial micro-environments known as biofilms. Biofilms are difficult for antibodies to penetrate, therefore the bacteria repeatedly damage the lung and gradually remodel the airways, resulting in difficultly to eradicate the infection (Welsh, 1995). Cystic fibrosis patients may even have their airways chronically colonized be filamentous fungi and/or yeasts. Most men with cystic fibrosis have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), a condition in which the tubes that carry sperm are blocked by mucous and do not develop properly. As well, women may experience complications in pregnancy. Either the c...
Hansen’s Disease also known as Leprosy dates back to at least 4000b.c. Evidence of the disease’s presents in ancient times was found on an Egyptian papyrus dating from around 1500bc. These earlier cultures believed it was a curse or punishment from the gods. During the middle ages, the afflicted wore special clothing and rang bells to alert the uninfected of their presence. The first known origin of this disease is Egypt from here Roman Crusaders contracted the disease and brought it back to Europe and from Europe to America.
What is the role and purpose of the many eyes found on the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora?
While cystic fibrosis (CF) is not a new disease, there is still a lot to learn about it. In 1938 a pathologist, Dr Dorothy Andersen, provided the first clear description of cystic fibrosis. Before this time there had been reports of people that had the symptoms of someone with CF. During the seventeenth century children with the symptoms of CF were thought to be bewitched and their life expectancy was very short. Dr Dorothy Andersen gave this disease its name because cystic fibrosis refers to the scarring that is found on the pancreas. People with CF also have associated diseases like salt-loss syndrome, obstructive azoospermia, and gastrointestinal abnormalities. CF is inherited from one’s parents, making it a genetic disease. CF is caused by mutations in a certain gene that produces the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This gene was first discovered in 1989 on chromosome pair 7. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disease meaning both parents have to be a carrier. Whenever two CF carriers have a child together, there’s a 1 in 4 chance that their child will inherit the CF mutation. Although CF produces coughing it cannot be transmitted any other way than hereditary.
Cyst is a closed sac-like structure that occurs in the tissue. It may contain semi-solid materials, air or fluids. However once a cyst is formed, it may can go away on its own or can also be removed with the help of surgery.
In cystic fibrosis, a genetical condition that has a high population of young patients with multiple medical treatment requirements, it is of clinical importance to ensure compliance to their treatments in order to avoid a premature death. Behavioural economics can help here by addressing how we improve motivation with and perceived value of medical treatments – to improve overall patient compliance. In treatment compliance with children, up to 70% of patients with chronic illnesses have poor adherence (Haynes RB, 2002). Poor adherence to cystic fibrosis therapies may result in increased disease symptoms, decrease physical functioning, increased time in hospital, morbidity rates and mortality, as such an increased healthcare costs (Vibeke Bregnballe, 2011). Therefore the more compliant the more cost-effective treatments become, and the healthier the patients stays. It is also important to note that for every drug skipped represents a financial loss. Capgemini group reported in 2013 that the worldwide cost of non-adherence to be estimated at 564 billion dollars. So, if we get childre...
As an undergraduate student the one word that you don’t want to hear from the doctors during a check-up or from a significant other is the word “syphilis”. This is like social suicide in addition to the obvious health issues and pictures that come to mind when hearing about this STD. A term that we have come to hear and to an extent be frightened of ever since that one crazy sex-education teacher ,back in high school, told you it was basically a death sentence if you were to catch it. Now though it’s not necessarily a death sentence it definitely is not your average chicken pox. So what exactly does this have to do with pathology? Everything! Now let’s take a moment to mentally go back in time to the earliest record of this disease.
Cystitis is the medical term for inflammation of the urinary bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it’s called a urinary tract infection. A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidney.
One battle that is not easy to fight, but winning the battle is worth it all is breast cancer. The reason I chose to write about breast cancer is because my aunt who means a lot to me was diagnosed with it a few years ago. Many people hear and discuss about breast, but they do not what it means and why it is important. When a tumor that is malignant is found in the cells in the breast and its spreads through the surrounding tissues in the breast is known as breast cancer. Most women are not usually alert if they have the disease because they do not know how to check for lumps in their breasts. Some do not even know the common symptoms for breast cancer. Most women do not know that can check for lumps in their breast by themselves by doing a self-examination. In the self-examination, the woman can wait until they are in the shower or while they are lying down. They can take three fingers and move it in a circular motion, gently around the breast and feel for lumps and knots. Women can squeeze each nipple lightly to make sure there is no discharge coming out during the self-examination. However, majority of women do have lumps in their breast, but it is normal.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitting infection caused by Treonema pallidum, a gram negative, and anaerobic spirochete bacteria 1. Syphilis is thought to have been brought to Europe by Columbus and his sailors in the 1500’s 1. The disease is characterized by four different stages with varying symptoms depending on the stage that the disease is in1. Often syphilis is presented with another sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia. Public education regarding safe sex is important for the prevention of this sexually transmitted infection.