Introduction
A cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an irregular connection of arteries and veins within the brain that has no definite cause; many do not experience symptoms (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). However, some patients experience headaches and seizures (Starke et al., 2009). The main risk of an AVM is hemorrhage, and patients with AVMs will always have some risk of hemorrhage (Ogilvy et al., 2001); According to Ogilvy et al (2001), more than 50% of AVMs lead to cerebral hemorrhage. The severity of the AVM will determine whether the condition should be treated and how it should be treated. Although treatment of AVMs in the brain attempts to maximize quality of life as well as eliminate cerebral hemorrhage risk, pre-treatment consideration of benefits and risks is essential.
The four major treatments of AVMs in the brain include resection, endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery, and multimodality (Ogilvy et al., 2001). Resection of the AVM is simply surgical removal of the lesion with the goal of total obliteration. Endovascular embolization utilizes a catheter to inject a glue-like substance to block the AVM (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). According to Ogilvy et al. (2001), stereotactic radiosurgery is a type of focused radiation that destroys the AVM. Multi-modal treatment is a combination of two or more treatments, and the most common form of multi-treatment is embolization paired with either resection or radiosurgery (Ogilvy et al., 2001). Endovascular embolization can be used to reduce the size of the AVM and therefore make either resection or radiosurgery more effective in reducing hemorrhage risk (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). The Spetzler-Martin scale is often used to determine relative risk an...
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...., Stieg, P.E., Awad, I., Brown, R.D., Kondziolka, D., Rosenwasser, R., … Hademenos, G. (2001). Recommendations for the Management of Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations. American Stroke Association, 32, 1458-1471. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.32.6.1458
Shuttleworth, Martyn. (2009). Meta-Analysis. Retrieved by http://explorable.com/meta-analysis
Starke, R.M., Komotar, R.J., Hwang, B.Y., Fischer, L.E., Garret, M.C., Otten, M.L., … Connolly, E.S. (2009). Treatment Guidelines for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Microsurgery. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 23(4), 376-386. doi: 10.1080/02688690902977662
Yen, C., Sheehan, J.P., Schwyzer, L., Schlesinger, D. (2011). Hemorrhage Risk of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations Before and During the Latency Period After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery. American Stroke Association, 42, 1691-1696. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.602706
...th recurrent stroke. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2009;29(2):111-8. Epub 2009/06/06.
The first patient I saw was a 14 month old boy who sustained a non-accidental head injury. He underwent surgery in July that relieved the excess pressure and fluid around his brain, resulting in him becoming a left hemiplegic.
Lippincott, W. (2013). Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders. Brunner and suddarth's textbook of medical -surgical nursing 12th ed. + nursing diagnosis, (p. 1895). S.l.: Wolters Kluwer Health.
The first stage of treatment for glioblastoma is surgery. After surgery, an average GBM tumor is generally reduced 99%. It is used to take a section for a diagnosis, to diminish some of the symptoms of a large mass pressing against the brain, to remove disease before secondary...
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) introduction to the clinical practice revolutionized the interventional cardiology ,it is a valuable option for a non –operable patient with sever aortic stenosis or high risk population however ,TAVR is associated with a risk of cerebral embolization and ischemic vascular events and possible neurological impairment the estimate of these complication is vary but it have been reported early and late after the procedure moreover the reported incidence of bleeding associated with TAVI is relatively high .with this given incident of complication required adequate antithrombotic therapy during and following procedure ,however despite the current guidelines recommendation the optimal antithrombotic is not very well established .
Yale School of Medicine. (2014). Stereotactic radiosurgery/ gamma knife program. In Therapeutic Radiology. Retrieved from http://radonc.yale.edu/clinical/gamma.aspx
An essential aspect of a neurosurgeon's role is to accurately handle the documentation of data related to their patients' treatment. This data includes treatment programs and schedules, medication plans, diagnosis details, and any other analysis information related to their patients' health. Regular interaction with patients is also crucial for neurosurgeons. Supporting patients in medical decisions and informing them of all possible risks, effects, delays, results, and outcomes of their surgery is perhaps the most important responsibility a neurosurgeon can undertake. The physician must be able to discuss the patient's course of action clearly and precisely with someone they are comfortable with to ensure the best recovery.
Treatment for strokes is called "acute care." What is an acute care? Acute care is when you make sure the condition is caused by a stroke and not some other medical condition, determining the type of stroke where it occurred and how serious the stroke is, prevention of another stroke from happening, or maybe rehabilitation.
4 Gertz, D. Liebman’s Neuroanatomy Made Easy and Understandable. 7th ed. Austin, Tx: Pro-ed i
...- Surgery | Vascular Birthmark Institute of New York." Vascular Birthmark Institute of New York |. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2012. .
There has yet to be a cure for Hydrocephalus, but there are indeed treatments. Although, not many advances have been made in preventing, healing, or moderating Hydrocephalus. In fact, the device currently used as the dominant treatment was pronounced fifty years ago and has had the highest failure rates in comparison to any surgical remedy. Introducing said regimen, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2013) explains, “Hydrocephalus is most often treated by surgically inserting a shunt system.” This operation revolves around the embedding of two catheters along with a valve. The valve influences the flow of CSF to generate an increasingly normal rate and direction. As an alternative, there is a procedure labeled as a ventriculostomy in which a hole is made in the underlying area of a ventricle or in between the ventricles. This functions as a funnel for the CSF to exit the cranial area. These methods are customarily permanent and must be monitored
A Traumatic Brain Injury is defined as a disruption to the normal functioning of the brain. It is damage caused by external forces whether a blow, a jolt or a penetrating head injury; something happens to the brain, due to a blocked vessel, swelling, or an infection in the brain. Brain injuries can be open or closed. A brain injury is open when something from the outside penetrates the skull. A closed head injury can be a blunt blow to the head but can also be rapid changes of skull motion e.g., violent shaking forces, a contact injury with a windshield etc.
Neil. (2003, October 1). Triple-H therapy in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The Lancet Neurology, 2(10), 614-620. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00531-3
The main aim of this report is to present and analyse the disease called Cerebrovascular Accident popularly known as stroke. This disease affects the cerebrovascular system, which is a part of the cardiovascular system. To achieve this aim this report will firstly talk about the cerebrovascular system with its structure and functions. The main body of this report will look at causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and prevention of stroke.
Stroke is a serious medical condition that affects people of all ages specifically older adults. People suffer from a stroke when there is decreased blood flow to the brain. Blood supply decreases due to a blockage or a rupture of a blood vessel which then leads to brain tissues dying. The two types of stroke are ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blood clot blocking the artery that brings oxygenated blood to the brain. On the other hand, a hemorrhagic stroke is when an artery in the brain leaks or ruptures (“About Stroke,” 2013). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is a major cause of adult disability” (“About Stroke,” 2013). Stroke causes a number of disabilities and also leads to decreased mobility in over half of the victims that are 65 and older. The CDC lists several risk factors of stroke such as heredity, age, gender and ethnicity as well as medical conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and excessive weight gain that in...