Introduction: Gas in 1968 described Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) as being a condition that caused acute and rapid loss of central vision due to multiple pale lesions at the level of Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the posterior pole. (1) It is a self-limiting condition which recovers spontaneously over a three weeks period leaving residual pigment epithelial alterations.(2) The typical features in acute phase include cream colored placoid lesions at the level of RPE, early hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence of the lesions on Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA).(2) It is usually followed by a viral flu like prodrome in 1/3 of the patients. Neurological manifestations of APMPPE include Headaches being commonest while others are paraesthesias, vertigo, psychosis and more severe complications, Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis stroke and cerebral vasculitis.(3, 4) Association of APMPPE with systemic Vasculitis in the patients with positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody has been reported.(5, 6) Other systemic inflammatory diseases suggesting an underlying immune mediated or an inflammatory mechanism include erythema nodosum,(7-9) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,(10) thyroiditis,(11, 12) nephritis,(5, 6, 13) ulcerative colitis(14) and Adenoviral infections(15) . Many granulomatous diseases have documented associations with APMPPE, including Wegener’s granulomatosis,(16-18) Pulmonary tuberculosis(19) and Sarcoidosis. The widespread involvement of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), flat (placoid) nature of the lesions and absence of overlying serous retinal detachment and minimal choroidal involvement lead Gass to conclude RPE was primary focus of inflammation.(1) ... ... middle of paper ... ...th recurrent stroke. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2009;29(2):111-8. Epub 2009/06/06. 30. Bures-Jelstrup A, Adan A, Casaroli-Marano R. [Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Study of 16 cases]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia. 2007;82(5):291-7. Epub 2007/05/23. Epiteliopatia pigmentaria placoide posterior multifocal aguda. Estudio de 16 casos. 31. Celis Sanchez J, Gonzalez Del Valle F, Alonso Martinez I, Romero Royo C, Lopez Ferrando N, Zarco Tejada JM. [Bilateral serous retinal detachments in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigmentous epitheliopathy]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia. 2001;76(11):679-82. Epub 2001/11/21. Desprendimientos retinianos serosos bilaterales en la epiteliopatia pigmentaria placoide multifocal posterior aguda.
•The forty five year old patient is diagnosed with the progressive cirrhosis inflaming the liver along with the parenchymal cells. The plain symptoms is manifested primarily because of the augmentation of edema internally in the lower abdomen.
The genetic disorder retinitis pigmentosa is very serious. It is very complex, as it has multiple ways to be inherited. The symptoms are serious and handicap the victims for life. It is very prevalent in society, and there is no treatment. Future research into this debilitating disorder will offer hope to those affected by it.
Roger W. Harms, M. D. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Library of Medicine. (2014). Oculocutaneous Albinism. Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine website: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/oculocutaneous-albinism
Stargardt disease is a genetic disease that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The disease is inherited when both parents are carriers of the recessive gene. Parents are typically only carriers and are, therefore, unaffected; however, each of their offspring has a 25 percent change of inheriting the two copies of the Stargardt gene needed to cause the disease. Researchers have found that about 5 percent of the human population carry gene mutations causing inherited retinal disea...
”Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy.” Baylor Health Care System, 28 Apr. 2012. Web. 10 May 2013.. 06 May 2013.
Cerebrovascular disease or the term stroke is used to describe the effects of an interruption of the blood supply to a localised area of the brain. It is characterized by rapid focal or global impairment of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death (Hatano, 1976). As such it is a clinically defined syndrome and should not be regarded as a single disease. Stroke affects 174-216 people per 10,000 population in the UK per year and accounts for 11% of all deaths in England and Wales (Mant et al, 2004). The risk of recurrent stroke within 5 years is between 30-43%. One problem is that the incidence of stroke rises steeply with age and the number of elderly people in the UK is on the increase. To date people who experience a stroke occupy around 20 per cent of all acute hospital beds and 25 per cent of long term beds (Stroke Association, 2004). The British Government now identifies stroke as a major economic burden on the National Health Service (DoH, 2002).
Syndrome cases occur in people over the age of sixty, the elderly are often the
Mayo clinic staff. “Diseases and Conditions- Stroke” Mayo Clinic. Feb 14, 2014 , 1-5 +
Many signs include a "white pupil," also known as leukocoria. Retinoblastoma can occur in either one or two eyes (Paul T. Finger, Pg. 1). This abnormal white pupillary reflex is sometimes referred to as a cat's eye reflex. Another sign of retinoblastoma is a crossed eye (Ambramson, Ch3). Leukocoria doesn't always end up as being retinoblastoma, it can even result in: congenital cataract, Toxocara canis, Coat's disease, and persistent hypertrophic primary vitreous (PHPV) (Finger, Pg.2). Retinoblastoma occurs when there's a mutation or deletion of the q14 band of chromosome 13 (Finger, Pg. 1). Symptoms can be painful if not treated quickly. Some include a red, painful eye, swelling of the surrounding eye, poor vision, dilated pupil, even extra fingers or toes, and retardation (Ambramson, Ch3).
Albinism comes in many forms, but Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA) and Ocular Albinism (OA) are the two most common. Symptoms of OCA may include a loss of pigmentation in skin, hair and eyes, along with loss or a decrease in vision. Ocular Albinism causes loss or decreased vision in the eyes with no noticeable difference in skin and hair (4). OA is caused by a mutation in the X chromosome, so it is most common in boys. Albinism is more common than some may think, and occurs in one in every 17,000 people, and affects people of all races and all ethnicities
The absence of cones, to retina is not damaged and the achromatopsia may also experience excellent acuity. Transient achromatopsia that is a temporary loss of color vision that is caused by a short lived vascular in sufficiency, apparently to V1 and the V2 in the occipital cortex. Many people how suffer from strokes or mild cerebral infections have been observed to display temporary loss of color vision. Chromatopsias are common of color distortion than an outright deficiency. Patients suffering from chromatopsias simply do not perceive certain colors as well as others. Phantom chromatopsia has a rare disorder that deals with patients who are blind or nearly
Macular degeneration also known as late, aged-related maculopathy is an eye disorder which causes a decrease in the visual field known as the retinal macula (Medical Encyclopedia, 2000). The majority of people who are affected are people over the age of 65, but occasionally it develops earlier in people 40-50 years old (Philippi, 2000). The majority of the visual loss is located in the central part of the visual field, while the peripheral vision is unharmed. There are also two types of macular degeneration, the "wet" and "dry" forms. The "dry" form of this disease is the most popular, affecting 90% of the cases (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1997).
Albinism is a very serious disease that could end up in death. Albinism is a recessive inherited defect in melanin, which is metabolism in which pigment is absent from skin, hair, and eyes. Albinism in hair, skin, and eyes is called oculocutaneous albinism. Humans that have oculocotaneous albinism are not able to produce melanin. These people have white, yellow, or yellow brown hair, very light ( usually blue ) eyes, and very pale skin. Their eyes may appear pink because they have very little pigment.
-Characterized by the elongation and hyperkeratosis of the filiform papillae, resulting in this hairlike appearance. The elongated papillae usually exhibit brown, yellow, or black pigmentation. Most patients are asymptomatic, but occasionally patients complain of irritation, gagging, or an altered taste. Patients are usually heavy smokers with poor oral hygiene and some have vitamin deficiencies, GI problems, or radiation therapy. Cures range from just brushing the tongue to corticosteroid therapy.