Lymphadenopathy is the term for swelling of the lymph nodes. These are the bean-shaped organs found in the underarm, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen. They act as filters for the lymph fluid as it circulates through the body. The most common site of lymphadenopathy are the cervical lymph nodes found in the neck. The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and functions to fight infections and disease. As infection-fighting cells and fluid build up, the lymph nodes enlarge to many times their normal size. Infections, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, histiocytoses, storage diseases, benign hyperplasia, and drug reactions are causes of generalized lymphadenopathy. Sometimes, one or more lymph nodes themselves can become inflamed and enlarged, a condition called lymphadenitis. Lymph nodes can also enlarge due to cancer in the lymphatic system, such as Hodgkin disease.
Lymphadenopathy are diagnose and identify through a physical examination and by going through a patient history. The key aspects of the patient history that aid in the diagnostic work-up are age of patient, symptoms of infection include
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The most common causes of cervical lymphadenopathy include tuberculosis, lymphoma, head and neck malignancy. In supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, lymph nodes drain the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract and the lungs and caused by infection, Hodgkin 's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma. In axillary lymphadenopathy, lymph nodes drains the upper extremities, breast and thorax and caused by at scratch disease, streptococcal or staphylococcal skin infection and breast carcinoma. In Inguinal lymphadenopathy, lymph nodes drain the lower abdomen, external genitalia, anal canal, lower third of the vagina and lower extremities. Causes of inguinal lymphadenopathy include cellulitis, venereal disease and squamous cell
Located throughout the body along the vessels of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes. Lymph nodes collect pathogens from the lymph and expose them to lymphocytes.
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
Ployarteritisnodosa is an inflammatory disease of the small to medium sized arteries. Many systems including the skin, central nervous system, heart, kidneys and intestinal tract. It is commonly associated with hepatitis B but the cause is usually unknown.. Symptoms vary however, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and muscle and joint aches are normal. Treatment depends on how serious the case is.
Several tests may be performed on patients to determine the cause of lymphatic damage and elephantiasis. A definitive diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis is done through the identification of the microfilariae in blood. Samples of blood are taken at night. Other test used for diagnosis is immunodiagnostic test; it can identify the cause of the symptoms based on the detection of antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti. This test is highly specific and sensitive, blood samples do not have to be taken at night (Seppa
I have chosen to write about the constellation Cancer (The Crab). I chose Cancer because it is one of only a handful of constellations that I am actually able to identify in the night sky. Cancer is one of the twelve Zodiac constellations; people whose birthdays fall between June 21st and July 22nd have Cancer as their sign. Cancer is the Latin word for crab, and despite the fact that the constellation looks more like a lobster then a crab, it is still referred to as a crab. The constellation is visible from the northern hemisphere from late winter to early spring.
According to Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2013), Hodgkin’s lymphoma is “a malignant lymphoma whose pathological hallmark is the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell. This lymphoma typically begins in a single lymph node (esp. in the neck, axilla, groin, or near the aorta) and spreads to adjacent nodes if it is not recognized and treated early.” (p. 1136). Hodgkin’s lymphoma was first discovered in 1832 by Tom Hodgkins, who first noticed the hallmark deformities in the lymph system. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is most prevalent in Caucasians, young adults (ages 15-30), and the elderly (ages 50 and up) (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208). Although the cause of the disease has yet to be discovered, it has been “associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection in 40-50% of cases” (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208).
Rheumatoid Arthritis is when the joints are chronically inflamed, which happens because it is an autoimmune disease which means that the immune system attacks the body tissues. Although Rheumatoid Arthritis mainly affects the joints, it can also affect other organs.
of Europe was destroyed. The disease causes swelling of the lymph glands (up to the size
There are three types of the plague, which include the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plagues (Newquist 238-239). The bubonic plague attacks the lymph glands while traveling through the lymphatic system. This causes the lymph nodes to swell and become inflamed. These “nodes” appear as buboes: blotchy, red, large, and large painful manifestations. There is a sixty percent chance of death with this plague inside the body (238).
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
Basically there are 4 main symptoms, at least 2 of which must be detected in order to diagnose a patient is likely suffering from PD: (1)
Throughout this essay I will be looking to discuss and explain massage and the lymphatic system and how I feel they link well together as a specific treatment or therapy. I will begin by discussing a general overview of what massage itself entails and the different types of movements which can be used to create the wanted outcome. I will also look at how the lymphatic system works within the body and what the main uses of it are. By linking massage and the lymphatic system together a body therapy has been created which provides the client with many different effects and benefits. This form of massage is used in lots of different ways from relaxation to medical treatment and is beneficial to many types of client.
One of the most common mysteries in the world is the development of autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is when the immune system, which usually keeps your body healthy thinks that your healthy cells are antigens and attacks them. This is irony right? It is against properties of evolution for an immune system to attack itself causing sickness and possibly death if untreated. There are about 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, which usually have periods of little to no symptoms and worsening symptoms. What particularly creates confusion in the world is the autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, which affects almost about five million people worldwide.
Bone cancer is classified into primary bone cancer & secondary bone cancer. Basically, Primary bone cancer starts in the bone; then the cancer initially forms in the cells of the bone; while the secondary cancer starts elsewhere in the body and gets spread to the bone.
The history of anatomy and physiology dates back to ancient Egyptian times when humans were mummified after death and bodies would be stripped of their internal organs during the embalming process. It was not until much later when Hippocrates II, known as the father of medicine, was the first to write about human anatomy. Shortly after that, the Alexandrian Medical School was established, where human dissection was allowed for the first time, which promoted research and new discoveries in the field. From there, many other influential researchers came up with theories regarding the cardiovascular and nervous systems, etc; however, the missing links in some of the earlier theories was found with the discovery of the microscope, which changed the focus of research and led to many advancements in the field.