Most of the time nonspecific defenses keep pathogens from getting into the body. Sometimes one can break through and cause a disease. This is where the immune system comes into use. The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology). The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx). Each part of the immune system plays a certain role in keeping pathogens out of the body. Bone marrow is the soft material found inside bones. It is used to make the lymphocytes needed in the body every day. Located above the heart, the thymus is a gland that helps produce a special kind of lymphocyte. Located throughout the body along the vessels of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes. Lymph nodes collect pathogens from the lymph and expose them to lymphocytes. The largest lymphatic organ in the body is the spleen. The spleen stores healthy blood cells and breaks down aging red blood cells. It also helps make lymphocytes and other types of red blood cells. Another function of the spleen is it collects pathogens from the blood and attacks the trapped pathogens. The adenoids are masses of lymph tissue found in the nose and throat. The two ... ... middle of paper ... ...would be able to survive without the help of the immune system. Works Cited “Cells Involved In Immune Responses and Antigen Recognition.” Microbiology and Immunology. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . “Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . Lechtenberg, Richard. "Multiple Sclerosis Fact Book." F.A. Davis Company, 1988. “Modern Biology, (0030565413), Holt Rinehart & Winston.” Web. 18 Dec. 2011. Neustaedter, Randall. The Immunization Decision. North Atlantic Books, 1990. “What Is the Immune System.” National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Home Page. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
The B cells, T cells, Macrophage, and Antibodies are all a very large part of the immune system. There are two types of T cells, killer and helper T cells. Killer T cells find and destroy cells infected with bacteria, and helper T cells control the activity of other cells in the immune system. Then, B cells are considered the “clean up crew,” attacking any bacteria or viruses the T cell left behind. They also make antibodies, which are essential for trapping invading viruses and
The organs that make up the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes – small, oval or bean shaped and mainly found in the inguinal (groin), axillary (armpit) and mammary gland areas, the thymus – a bilobed organ located in the upper chest region between the lungs, posterior to the sternum and the spleen – which measures about 12 cm in length. It is located on the left side of the body, inferior to the diaphragm and at the left edge of the stomach.
The objective of the host is to "escape" from the pathogen. This can be done through the use of the immune system or by quickly dying. When a host dies with the pathogen still inside the pathogen dies as well. Resistance to invaders evolved as a result of the development of the mechanism of immunity. The development of immunity depends on the recognition of differences in chemical structures of substances.
The spleen is a fist-sized, spongy organ located behind the stomach (removed in this illustration), just under the diaphragm. Part of the lymphatic system, the spleen is composed of two types of tissue. White pulp produces lymphocytes, which release antibodies into the bloodstream to combat infection. More prominent is the red pulp, in which macrophages filter broken cells, parasites, bile pigments, and other useless substances from the blood. Iron from broken red blood cells is stored in the spleen for later use. Despite this variety of functions, an injured or diseased spleen can be removed in adults without great consequence.
Within the lymph vessels, the lymph is screened and checked for pathogenic organisms, bacteria and dead cells at sites along the vessel network called lymph nodes. There are many lymph nodes within the vessel network of varying sizes that have numerous vessel entry points, but only one exit vessel point per node. There are 4-5 nodes per vessel and after the lymph has been screened by the first node, it travels onto the second, third etc., and can pass through as many as 8 before it reaches the subclavian ducts. This allows the nodes to analyse the lymph and act accordingly. If the node detects a pathogen, it releases antibodies called lymphocytes (white blood cells) to attack the foreign body and destroy it. The node also ...
Lymph Fluid: Is excess tissue fluid that is found throughout the body in the lymph node, spleen and thymus. The Lymph fluid leaves blood capillaries and sits in the interstitial space. The fluid contains waste materials from tissues. They filter foreign debris and bacteria from lymph and transport large proteins and fats to the blood. The thoracic duct, which travels from the abdomen to the thorax is the main lymphatic duct that drains lymph into one of the large veins to the heart. The Lymph fluid is filtered through the lymph nodes before it enters the blood. (Reeder, Miller, Wilfong, Leitch & Zimmel.,
This immunity is dependent upon our body to be exposed to a particular type of pathogen once before. After the exposure, our body’s immune system learns of a way to counteract the foreign substance. The immune system learns the most effective way to counter each antigen that enters and then retains that strategy until the same pathogen attacks on it again. It completely customizes its attack, adapts to new conditions and remembers the information. This why people are given shots of inactivated viruses. When these viruses enter the blood stream, the body thinks that they are harmful pathogens and then develops a way of counteracting to them. After battling these viruses, they remember their form of attack, so in case these same harmful viruses enter the blood stream again, they can deal with them quickly and efficiently. Lymphocytes (T and B cells are required for this immunity). The antibodies IgA are expressed in our body on the mucous surface of the gut. When foreign substances enter, the intestine, they kill those pathogens before they can even grow in the
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
The immune is a collection of cells that keeps a note of the pathogens that invade and it is able to destroy them. This makes the body immune to that disease. The immune system is responsible for warding of infection through the infection fighting cells and chemicals. References 1. Anatomy & physiology, T Patton 2.
Your immune system is used to fight bacteria and viruses and it helps to keep you healthy. Sometimes your immune system can develop lymph and immune system disorders. What happens is your immune system can become over active or it can become weak chancing your bodies response to bacteria and viruses. If you are born with an immunodeficiency disorder it is called primary immunodeficiency if you develop it later in life it is called acquired immunodeficiency (UOR Medical Center, 2014). When the immune system over reacts it will start to attack and produce antibodies, which results in damaging its own tissues. With an immune system that under reacts it is unable to fight things that enter the body, which leads to more infections. Some kinds of lymph and immune system conditions are lymphoma, mononucleosis, edema, allergic reactions, HIV, anaphylaxis.
As immunisers we need to have a thorough understanding of the immune system and the vaccine action. Immunity is the protection and ultimately the response that occurs when a person has been vaccination or has been affected with an infection and ultimately recovered. (Australian Academy of Science 2012; Brown & Edwards 2010). The immune system consists of millions of white blood cells, these contain the materials that initiate immune responses these being identified as antigens (Brown & Edwards 2010). Antigens exist on the surface of all of the body’s cells, and are unique to each individual that ensures the body is capable to recognize anything that is foreign (Black 2008; Brown & Edwards 2010). By being able to recognize and respond to antigens that are regarded foreign to the body and consequently they stimulate an immune response, the immune system is able to protect itself from harm (Australian Academy of Science 2012).
When a cell in our body has become infected or has become cancerous it’s surface changes. This is how the immune system can tell good cells from bad ones (the markings on the surface.) Once a bad cell has been recognized our bodies sends cells to destroy the damaged cell and prevent the spread of whatever caused the damage in the first place. The next step our body takes is to have the affected cells start to produce interferons and other helpful substances. These help to fight off unwanted organisms, and also to warn other cells of the invaders and prepare them to resist them therefore preventing the spread of disease.
The lymphatic system is a link of tissues and organs that help clear the poisonous toxins, waste and further unwanted elements that are inside the human body. The key function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph which is a watery fluid substance holding infection that are fighting white blood cells, all over the human body.
Lymph Functionality in Immune Response. In addition to serving as a drainage system, the lymphatic system, along with the lymphoid tissues and organs, plays a vital role in the body’s immune system to create an immune response. The body must protect itself from foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful pathogens.... ... middle of paper ... ... Retrieved December 9, 2013, from http://www.cdl.