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Literature review on reducing preterm birth
Effects of preterm birth
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While the personal and psychological advantages and disadvantages interact with married couples deferring their decision to bear a child typically have a positive outcome; the biological effects are not always as clear. Many medical care providers have historically recognized with married couples childbearing late as an significant risk issue in maternal and infant health results (Feldman 1927; Bleyer 1958).
There are so many biological influences that effects women and childbearing such as age and maturity. As a woman ages typically between the age of 35 and later risk factors increase dramatically. In research it is said that 35 years and later is considered the high risk category.
There are many dangerous conditions that can be developed when carrying a child such as fetal/infant morbidity, as well as many other medical conditions that can arise during pregnancy and the delivery phase. These outcomes normally occur in older women, making it harder for older women to carry a child because of the complications. Some of these outcomes can include premature birth, long term deficits in the mother and child, or mortality and fetal neonatal morality. These outcomes occur very infrequently, but are more likely to occur to older mothers than to younger mothers. These outcomes occur very infrequently, but are more likely to occur to older mothers than to younger mothers. The first class of outcomes at some length. Medical research has linked delayed childbearing to the following dangerous but usually temporary outcomes:
1.) “Problems during pregnancy, such as hypertension, hyperthyroidism, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, premature contractions, and uteroplacental bleeding, all of which may lead to a preterm delivery. (van K...
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...ple miscarriages, preeclampsia, diabetes, high blood pressure, and children with Down syndrome. After the age of 35 or later conception is considerably tougher than if a couple were younger. As women age, they begin to have occasional cycles where an egg is never released. Egg quality and quantity also declines in a woman’s 30s and 40s. Sperm and eggs do not increase with strength as they age. Suggesting to conceive when in the mid-twenties to thirty’s to have a better chance at having a baby.
However, there are many advantages to having a child early in a marriage. Some of these advantages include, having a healthy and consistent pregnancy, the likelihood of carrying a baby full term, the male and female reproductive system is still healthy and able to produce a good amount of sperm and eggs, the parents will have enough energy and patience to attend to a child.
The idea of bringing an unwanted baby into the world is wrong in so many ways. I personally believe having a child is an important decision that requires consideration, preparation, and planning. Having both parents to love, protect and care for the child should be the ideal way, but not having any of those would be devastating. According to “ The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Article , it stated that “unintended pregnancies are associated with birth defects, low birth weight , maternal depression, increased risk of child abuse ,lower educational attainment, delayed entry into prenatal care, a high risk of physical violence during pregnancy, and reduced rates of breastfeeding.” (75). As stated in the article, unintended pregnancies can become a result of many risks. I strongly agree with this statement because as I mentioned before a pregnancy requires plenty of consideration. For example, if a woman becomes pregnant and she is a drug addict, she is prone to put the drugs over the baby ,and that baby is likely to be born with some disabilities because of he or she was not taken seriously. In addition, a woman is more likely to become unemployed and therefore the woman would not be able to take care of herself or the baby. Furthermore, what about teenage girls that get pregnant
... rest of their life from the onset of puberty. There are also many complications a woman may face for both conceiving and giving birth to children in their fifties and even forties. The mother and the baby can both be harmed in the long run. Although there are women who may have lost their chances at having children in their younger ages, there are many children who are waiting to be adopted. There is no need for medical science to develop this possibility, as women are not in a society where conceiving children is the highest priority.
These women could anticipate delays in normal growth and development for the fetus. The exact cause of post term pregnancy is unknown. The mother experiencing post term pregnancy is at risk for trauma, hemorrhage, infection, and labor abnormalities (Ward et al., 2016, p. 543). Labor induction prior to 42 weeks’ gestation prevents MAS and other complications. A biophysical profile measuring the heart rate, breathing and body movements, tone, and the amniotic fluid volume is used to monitor the fetus for intrapartum fetal stress that could cause passage of meconium. Diabetic woman is at high risk for preeclampsia or eclampsia, infection, hydramnios, postpartum hemorrhage, and cesarean birth (Ward et al., 2016, p. 383). In addition, fetal macrosomia prolongs labor due to shoulder dystocia. The glucose challenge test, and the 3- hour OGTT is used for gestational diabetes screening, done after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Abnormalities of the respiratory system as explained earlier are the most concerning complication of MAS, needing immediate
While a woman is generally safe from complications from gestational diabetes, there are some very big risks to the baby. If gestational diabetes goes undiagnosed, there is a greater risk of stillbirth. Other complications can include a condition called macrosomia, where the baby is born weighing 9 ¾ pounds or more. Excessively large babies can make delivery more difficult for both mother and child and as a result, birth injuries are more common in these babies. Other problems include hypoglycemia in the baby shortly after birth. The risk of gestational diabetes is higher in women who are over 30 years old, have a family history of diabetes, are obese, and those who have previously had a macrosomic baby.
IVF accounts for 99% of reproductive procedures, in 2009 out of those pregnancy was achieved and average of 29.4% of all cycles with 22.4% of cycles that resulted in love births. A woman's age is a major factor in the success of IVF, a woman who is under age 35 has a 39.6% chance of having a baby, while a woman over age 40 has an 11.5% chance.” (Todd) For a woman to have her best chances of conception with IVF, she needs to act quickly to ensure that her eggs are young. The younger or fresher the woman’s eggs are the more viable they are for successful
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, premature birth comes with several known risk factors or causes; however, even if these known risk factors are not present, a woman can still have a premature baby. Some of these risk factors for prematurity include: carrying more than one baby, having a previous preterm birth, problems with the cervix or uterus, chronic health problems in the mother, certain infections during pregnancy, alcohol use, or cigarette smoking. When a woman has chronic health problems (such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or clotting disorders), the baby is affected physically also, (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2009). Along with these chronic health problems, a woman has to consider her environment and how it becomes the baby’s environment also. If a woman smokes or drinks alcohol the baby is receiving all of the toxins that are deadly to a developing fetus and that also have no nourishment qualities whatsoever.
If having the baby will harm the mental or physical health of the children she already has.
3. Chandra A; Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J (November 2005). Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 17, 90. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Pregnant women have to be careful while pregnant. They have to watch out for various speed bumps. There are tons of toxins that can hurt the baby in the womb. The mother is responsible for most of these, after all she is the one who is carrying the baby. Many of these factors can result in death. It is really sad that it has to end that way some of the time. The worst toxins for a baby to encounter while in the mother’s uterus are different types of drugs and alcohol. Those two things can could serious problems for the infant once it gets into their system. They enter into the baby’s bloodstream from the mother, and cause problems from there on out.
A study in 2012 has proved that giving birth to a child might have a higher risk than
With infertility on the rise in women, many women do not even understand they develop it until they try to hold kids and it might be too late for them. Infertility has increased in the United States by 4 percent since the 1980s, mostly from problems with fertility due to an increase in age in women. Worldwide between three and seven percent of all couples or women endure an unresolved problem of infertility. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year. With more people wanting answers the problem is growing exponentially.
Tunick, Barbara. "Issues in Brief: Risks and Realities of Early Childbearing Worldwide." The Guttmacher Report. (Feb. 1997); 10-14.
...most common risk is death. Death is a very common risk if you decided to abort in your late term because you are losing lots of blood which came from the baby that you were going to have. Therefore think about your decision twice and don’t make the same mistake twice.
This journal was useful for me because it gave me the background details on why women are opting for delayed motherhood by the age of 30 or 40. Accordingly, I was able to build up my points on how it will affect the health conditions of both baby and mother and also the risk of taking that challenge.
...due to increasing uncertainty about the future. Fears of having the baby are prevalent as the teen becomes confused on the impact of the baby towards her own life and future dreams. In their lifespan development, delaying their education is necessary as they cannot hold on to both the education and the pregnancy. The depression developed is due to lack of effective handling of the emotions created by the pregnancy (Carlson, 2009).