Successfully identifying, defining, and implementing organizational change in a Multi-National Corporation (MNC) is both an art and a science, as there is not one methodology universally agreed upon and/or appropriate for all organizations (Merrell, 2012). Formulating the correct approach to the process of change in MNCs is difficult, partly due to national and international implications of expected effects of the implementation process (Barcan, 2012). Organizational change can therefore be designed and implemented in a variety of ways, and this paper will describe and define the types of change an MNC could experience, and also will list and describe procedures for this process, including how to deal with possible resistance to change. Key factors …show more content…
• The cognitive method utilizes positive reframing. Techniques used in this method are goal setting and coaching to achieve modification. • The psychodynamic method concerns understanding and relating to an individual’s inner change. There is significance in this approach when individuals are going through change which, on an individual level, has a significant impact. • Humanistic psychology encompasses motivation to develop, grow, and maximize potential. The focus is on positive development and organizations, and authentic relationships. Mangers of a MNC should take into consideration the personality makeup of the organization, which has a pronounced individual ability to initiate and/or adapt to change (Cameron & Green, 2015). Guidelines for managers using each approach include reward strategies utilizing Behavioral methodology, linking goals to motivation utilizing Cognitive Behavioral theory, treating people as individuals and understanding emotional states as part of Psychodynamic theory, and fostering a belief people want to develop and grow as part of a Humanistic
The Psychodynamic approach began with Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) and his work regarding personal development .This approach believes that behaviour is as a result of inner forces and unconscious dynamics.
The psychodynamics theory which was introduced by Freud to understand the human mind and psyche, reached a new level in the continuous analysis from therapists. Psychodynamics originally has been explained as a study of various psychological forces that affect human behavior which is related to early experiences. It specifically discusses the connection between the conscious and subconscious motivations. The theory was further analyzed and developed by Melanie Klein, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Based on the theory, the psychodynamic therapy evolved to help patients through psychoanalysis. With time other therapies like individual, group and family therapy evolved to offer treatment by understanding the present day complexities in more detail. The main aim of the therapy is self –awareness through identifying the various influences of many past events in life. The therapies are continuously evolving since it was introduced by Freud to help in solving a variety of psychological disorders within people.
The Humanistic approach is a psychological perspective which studies the whole person and each individual’s uniqueness (McLeod, 2007). Humanistic psychology began in the 1940s and 1950s by a group of prominent psychologists such as Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and Charlotte Buhler, who felt that behaviorism and psychoanalysis had many limitations and that a person’s behavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image (Frye, 2015). They believed in the human capacity for choice and growth and that individuals have free will and make conscious choices (Frye, 2015). The humanistic approach emphasizes that behavior is influenced by a person’s environment and that social interactions greatly influence the development of a person (Frye, 2015).
Cognitive is defined as a mental process; it refers to everything going on in your mind including your thought processes and the way you are thinking and feeling. Behavior refers to everything that you may do; this includes any action that you may present or act out, this can also be an indirect action that is caused by other underlying behaviors. Therapy is a systematic approach to try and resolve a problem, illness, actions, irregular thought patterns or anything that may be a disturbance that distracts you from your everyday functioning. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (cognitive behavioral theory) is a dynamic model of holistic intervention that seeks to change thought processes that are linked with emotions through a goal-orientated process
In today’s ever changing world people must adapt to change. If an organization wants to be successful or remain successful they must embrace change. This book helps us identify why people succeed and or fail at large scale change. A lot of companies have a problem with integrating change, The Heart of Change, outlines ways a company can integrate change. The text book Ivanceich’s Organizational Behavior and Kotter and Cohen’s The Heart of Change outlines how change can be a good thing within an organization. The Heart of Change introduces its readers to eight steps the authors feel are important in introducing a large scale organizational change. Today’s organizations have to deal with leadership change, change in the economy,
Humanistic psychology is the field of psychology which holds the beliefs that people can control their own behavior and that people naturally strive to reach their full potential (Feldman, 2009). Humanistic psychology discards the notion that neither biological processes nor environment are the underlying cause of human behavior, and instead states that humans attempt to innately endeavor their full potential. A prominent factor in humanistic psychology is free will. In opposition of determinism, which states that every event, including every human decision and action, is inevitable, free will states that individuals have the authority to make decisions over their life. Additionally, humanistic psychology holds the notion that people have the ability, if given the chance, to reach contentment and pure serenity (Feldman, 2009). One of the most influential theorists in the field of humanistic psychology was Abraham Maslow (Heylighen 1992).
Humanistic psychology, year is unknown. School of psychology that emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one’s full human potential. Humanistic psychologists emphasize human potential and the importance of love, belonging, self-esteem and self-expression, peak experiences, and self-actualization.
Change is a fundamental element of individuals, groups and all sorts of organizations. As it is the case for individuals, groups and societies, where change is a continuous process, composed of an indefinite amount of smaller sub-changes that vary in effect and length, and is affected by all sorts of aspects and events, many of which cyclic are anticipated ones. It is also the case for organizations, where change occurs repeatedly during the life cycle of organizations. Yet change in organizations is not as anticipated nor as predictable, with unexpected internal and external variables and political forces that can further complicate the management of change (Andriopoulos, C. and P. Dawson, 2009), which is by itself, the focus of many scholars in their pursuit to shed light on and facilitate the change process (Kotter 1996; Levin 1947; et al).
Changing situations throughout the world affect all organizations in business today. Therefore, most organizations acknowledge the need to experience change and transformation in order to survive. The key challenges companies face are due to the advancements in technology, the social environment caused by globalization, the pace of competition, and the demands regarding customer expectations. It is difficult to overcome the obstacles involved with change despite all the articles, books, and publications devoted to the topic. People are naturally resistant to fundamental changes and often intimidated by the process; the old traditional patterns and methods are no longer effective.
The psychodynamic approach allows the client to examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that happened in the past like childhood experiences. It aims to increase the individual’s sense of his or her own well-being. During psychotherapy, the client talks to the therapist about how he or she thinks, feels, and reacts to challenges in life. The ultimate goal is resolving or reducing negative symptoms that would cause emotional and mental health problems. Compared to other forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy emphasizes the relationship between the client and therapist as a way to
Organisations as machines, political systems, organisms, and flux and transformation are particularly common assumptions that are often used by managers, writers and consultants to make sense of how organizational change works. In reality most organizations use combinations of approaches to tackle change and not just one of the above, however these provide useful insights into the process of organizational change (Cameron and Green, 2012). This essay will try to make sense out of these assumptions to understand what organisational change is. By doing so, insights will be drawn on how organizational change can be managed and led.
Humanistic Psychology is a contemporary manifestation of that ongoing commitment. Its message is a response to the denigration of the human spirit that has so often been implied in the image of the person drawn by behavioral and social sciences.
This psychology perspective emphasizes individuals ' inherent drive towards self-actualization, the process of realizing and expressing one 's own capabilities and creativity. It helps the client gain the belief that all people are inherently good. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and positive human potential. It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole person" greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people. Humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration as an integral part of the human psyche. It is linked to the emerging field of transpersonal psychology. As per usual, there are advantages and limitations to this particular theory. One of the greatest strengths of humanistic psychology is that it emphasizes individual choice and responsibility. Humanistic psychology satisfies most people 's idea of what being human means because it values personal ideals and self-fulfillment. Finally, humanistic psychology provides researchers with a flexible framework for observing human behavior because it considers a person in the context of his environment and in conjunction with his personal perceptions and feelings. As with any viewpoint, humanistic psychology has its critics. One major criticism of humanistic psychology is that its concepts are too vague. Critics
Robbins et al. (2011, p. 186), states ‘Change is an organizational reality and affects every part of a manager’s job’. Today’s wave of change primarily created by economic condition so change is now such a constant feature of organization life (Goodman, E. 2011, p.243). Organizations need to be changed at one point or another in structure, technology or people. These changes are defined as organizational change (Robbins et al. 2011, p.18). Organizational change is important because changes can increase effectiveness and efficiency, the innovation of products, services as well as dealing with changes in external and internal forces (Goodman, E. 2011, p.243). However, ‘the bottom line is that organizational change is difficult because management systems are design and people are rewarded for stability’ (Lawler, E.E. & Worley, C.G. 2006, p.11).
Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality. Humanist theorists emphasized the concept of self-actualization, which is an innate need for personal growth that motivates behavior (Rodriguez