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ATTITUDES
Attitude is that the appraising statements or judgments regarding objects, people, or events. associate perspective may be a learned predisposition to retort in a very systematically favorable or unfavorable manner with regard to a given object. the thing of the perspective will be something in a very person's surroundings, together with physical objects, concepts and other people.
More exactly attitudes will be outlined as a persistent tendency to feel and behave in a very explicit manner toward some object which can embrace events or people still.
Attitude will be characterised in 3 ways:
• First, they have an inclination to persist unless one thing is completed to vary them.
• Second, attitudes will fall anyplace on a time from terribly favorable to terribly unfavorable.
•
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5) Employee Engagement
– An individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the organization.
The major theories during this field are:
Cognitive dissonance refers to a scenario involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.
This produces a sense of discomfort resulting in associate alteration in one amongst the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to cut back the discomfort and restore balance etc.
For example, once folks smoke (behavior) and that they grasp that smoking causes cancer (cognition).
Festinger's (1957) psychological feature dissonance theory suggests that we've got associate inner drive to carry all our attitudes and beliefs harmonical and avoid inharmoniousness (or dissonance). Attitudes might modification due to factors at intervals the person. a vital issue here is that the principle of psychological feature consistency, the main focus of Festinger's (1957) theory of psychological feature dissonance. This theory starts from the thought that we tend to obtain consistency in our beliefs and attitudes in any scenario wherever 2 cognitions square measure
American social psychologist and original developer of the theory of Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger breaks down his theory into two main parts. First, the presence of dissonance, inconsistency or unpleasantness, will psychologically motivate a person to achieve consonance, consistency or pleasantness (Festinger 3). Psychologist Elliot Aronson, key researcher in the 20th century of this theory, expands on the definition of dissonance to be more straightforward. Dissonance occurs when a person holds two ideas, beliefs, or opinions at the same time that are contradictory with one and other. Part two of the theory states that a person will attempt to avoid situations or knowledge that would possibly or pro...
Dissonance would be caused if you put in a lot of effort to accomplish something and then valued it negatively. Someone could dedicate so much time and energy into completing something, but the ending results be garbage, to escape dissonance, that person may attempt to convince themselves that the work wasn’t really that long and or hard, and that you actual enjoyed the work. This method of reducing dissonance is called effort justification. Aronson and Mills demonstrated a classic dissonance experiment, to investigate the relationship between dissonance and effort. In the experiment, female students volunteered to be involved in a discussion on the psychology of sex. The mild embarrassment condition read to the male experimenter out loud sex-related words like “virgin” and “prostitute.” The severe embarrassment condition had to read very explicit sexual passage and filthy words out loud. The control condition went right into the main study. All conditions listened to boring discussion about sex in lower animals. At the end the females were asked to rate how interesting the discussion was and the people involved. The most positive rating came from the severe embarrassment condition. The experiment showed if a voluntary experience that requires a good deal of effort, but does not turn out good, by redefining the experience as interesting will reduce dissonance, justifying the effort
Waiten,W., (2007) Seventh Edition Psychology Themes and Variations. University of Nevada, Las Vegas: Thomson Wadsworth.
An individual’s behaviour may differ depending on the circumstances they are in though there are definite signs of repetitive behaviour when placed in majority of the situations. These characteristics are known as traits which make up the personality of each person (Engler, 2014). Personality theorists do not have a mutual agreement on how the term personality should be used. They each have their definition of personality thus providing a large number of diverse personality theories (Engler, 2014). For example, Eysenck (1970) defined personality as a relatively permanent and consistent composition of an individual’s disposition that in turn establishes how the person adjusts to their
“Humans are not a rational animal, but a rationalizing one” (“Class 20”). This was asserted by the much acclaimed, significant, and influential social psychologist Leon Festinger as referencing to his theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Social psychology is “a branch of psychology particularly concerned with understanding social behaviors such as” incentive and compliance (Sheehy). Festinger’s contributions to the social and cognitive branches of psychology as well psychology overall prove themselves worthy to today. This theory specifically challenged many common notions that were seemingly already accepted by behaviorists everywhere during his time (Tavris and Aronson). Its reality awakens its verifications. Consecutively, its “enormous motivational power” affects many on a daily basis (Tavris and Aronson). In the final analysis, the theory of Cognitive Dissonance by Leon Festinger is fundamental to behaviorism while directly changing the way human beings across the planet think and do.
Higgins, Tory. “Self-Discrepancy Theory: What Patterns of Self-Beliefs Cause People to Suffer?”(1989). Advances in Experimental Social psychology, Vol.22 (1989):93-136. Academic Press Inc.
The most basic concept in social psychology is conformity. Conformity is the idea that behaviour or a belief is changed in order to follow, or conform, to what is considered the “norm.” One of the oldest experiments to support this notion was conducted in 1935 by Muzafer Sherif (Song, Ma, Wu, Li, 2012 p. 1366). There are two different types of
The word attitude is generally a term used to describe the way we perceive and evaluate the social world around us, the way in which we build a positive or negative opinion towards something or someone (Crisp and Turner 2007). Most social psychologists believe attitudes are not innate and that they are learned (Baron and Byrne 2004). However there is some evidence that suggests genetics factors may have a small influence over attitudes. This can be seen in studies involving identical and non identical twins, whereby identical twins share stronger attitude beliefs than non- identical twins (Baron and Byrne 2004). However this link does not mean that our genes determine our attitudes it just shows that the relationship between genes and personality can have an effect on our attitudes (Aronson,Wilson and Akert 2005).
mentioned, our personalities are not based on one focus, like our attitudes for instance. Jung
The human psyche frequently experiences the phenomena of internal contradiction, followed by an internal struggle for some semblance of balance or consistency (Hall, 1998). Cognitive dissonance acts as motivation for people to behave in a manner that effectively reduces said dissonance and restores balance. Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance explores this occurrence and the subsequent actions that people take in order to create a balance between their ideals.
There are many people in this world; no two people are the same. When considering personality theories it is important to note that not all theories apply to all situations or all people. Different theories have different approaches. It is important to know the person before making assumptions about the proper theory to apply to the person or in any given situation. The purpose of this paper is to analysis how different personality theorists could interoperate different individual circumstances and behaviors based on case examples provided by the instructor.
Psychologist’s definitions of attitudes include assessing problems, persons, or actions. These assessments are regularly affirmative or adverse, and unclear. Humans have established attitudes about such issues, and these attitudes influence his or her beliefs as well as behavior. Because people are largely unaware of his or her implicit attitudes, they can have difficulty changing these attitudes.
The psychology of interpersonal relationships. New York: Wiley & Co. McLeod, S. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html Myers, D. G. (2011). Exploring the psychology of the human mind.
Edited by Raymond J. Corsini. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Second Edition, Volume 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
People have a tendency to associate their opinions of other people with their current mood. For example, if you meet someone at a comedy club you will likely associate that person with laughter and fun (Heffner, C. (2011).