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Commerce and trade in Middle Ages Europe
Merchants in the medieval times
Commerce and trade in Middle Ages Europe
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It is the aim of this report to examine and present in as concise a from as possible the principles and rules which guided and regulated the economic activities of Ragusa during the period known as the Middle Ages. Moreover, touching upon the primary commercial institutions and players that helped establish this city, how this city regulated itself along with gearing itself to prosperity.
Hypothesis:
The dissertation of this research report will focus on demonstrating how Ragusa’s economy flourished in the Middle Ages, along with the activities that were conducted to promote the well-being of the civilians of this city.
Methodology:
This report triggers the interest to research the different methods that Ragusa utilized to promote its economic status and the activities that were conducted to promote a healthy economy. During this research, qualitative research methods will be considered. Numerous scholarly journals and articles in the library and on the internet will be utilized to enlighten more on the economy and the key players in the Ragusean history. The various articles and journals used for this research are explicitly cited below.
Background
Examining the historical literature of Ragusa now known as Dubrovnik, it can be noticed that Ragusa was a rather small city, with minute natural resources. It was deemed one of the most successful states in eastern Mediterranean due its large quantity of shipping and trade, level of wealth and architectural and cultural achievements. Its effective governance with atypical benevolent rule, offered several institutions favorable to commerce and offered social provisions such as education, health care, quarantine systems and lastly provisions to reserve grains in time of need. The econ...
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...itutions, moreover, served the rich princes, merchants who were unaware of the Italian banking system.
Conclusion
Ragusa, in the medieval era, was considered a unique case of a small economy with no source of agricultural or other resources, however, by the 14th century was a prosperous city by trading with the Balkans and Italians. Location played an important role along with its wise policies that promoted prosperity.
With excellent trading provisions and a strong legal system geared Ragusa towards its wealth and prosperity. Ragusa/Dubrovnik is an excellent example of an early economy, proving that today’s institutional paradigm is not a new system but rather related back to the late medieval era.
Berkovic, S. “Foreign Policy of The Dubrovnik Republic (Example of International Cooperation and Diplomatic Skill)”. Politicka Misao 2010 Vol. 46, No.4,pp.217-220
Constantinople was the newly established capital of the once glorious Roman Empire, center of Roman religion, and was heavily influenced by the Roman culture. Then the Schism in 1054, cultural diffusion, and the change in women’s rights altered the day-to-day life of Constantinople’s inhabitants. Despite the intensity of the political changes over the long period of 400 C.E. to 1473 C.E., such as the Schism in 1054 and cultural diffusion, continuities such as classical learning and Justinian’s Code were more influential for they prevented Constantinople from declining before 1473 C.E.
In my essay, I will argue that the application of Marx's theory of the separation of town and country on the social and economical developments, which took place in Jabal Nablus during 17-19th century, confirm the existence of other factors, which cultivated overwhelming city's domination over hinterland. I claim that in addition to private property, growing trade with Europe also had a major impact on the conflict between city and country. In order to prove it, I will perform a critical analysis on Marx's methodology . I will next examine his concepts of productive forces, unequal distribution of labor, and conflict of interests in the society. In the end, I present comparative analysis of the social and economical features of Jabal Nablus in opposition to the claims of Carl Marx.
Najemy, John M. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
It took almost a century, from the emergence of the South Slavic unification movement in the early nineteenth century to the end of World War I, to create Yugoslavia. It took only a few years to destroy it [. . .] Visions of national liberation and modernization brought the South Slavs [. . .] together at last in 1919. Seventy years later, a retrograde, mythical, antimodern vision tore them apart (11). The fall of Yugoslavia was brought about by brutal military force, but the energy needed to utterly dismantle the country was supplied by the political ethno-kitsch (1).
When Europe fell into its depression, many European peasants were struggling to live. It was not a struggle of providing good lives for their families, it was a strug...
Basil I, often referred to as Basil the Macedonian in reference to his birthplace, was ruler of the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 886 AD. Basil I played a pivotal role in the creation of the Macedonian dynasty that resulted from the revolutionary changes established during his rule. To completely understand how Basil implemented crucial advancements that salvaged the decaying Byzantine Empire, it is necessary to review the flaws of preceding emperor Michael III, as well as Basil’s deceitful ascent to power from peasantry1. Given the state of the empire after emperor Michael III, it is clear how Basil’s military, naval, legislative, and infrastructural revisions gave rise to the economic and political success now referred to as the golden age of the Byzantine Empire.
In the 14th and 15th centuries the population of Venice was broken down into three castes: nobili, cittadini and popolani. (P. F. Brown 1997) The nobili, or the ruling oligarchy consisted of men with varying levels of wealth. Some were even merchants. From the very wealthy to the near impoverished, the nobili were equals if only in the political realm. A majority of the cittadini, citizens, like the nobili, were involved in the mercantile industry in one way or another. Many even amassed great wealth in a relatively short amount of time. The rest of the population, the popolani, was considered to be on the lowest level on the social category but not necessarily on the wealth category. These consisted of but not limited to: artisans, craftsmen, mariners and wealthy foreigners. During this period there was great wealth flowing around the area. Venice was a major connection and seafaring powerhouse from the eastern world, such as modern...
Through historical and economic data this research paper will express how Florence flourished from a mercantile economy in the Renaissance.
Over time, ever-increasing taxation placed a massive burden on the Roman people with the majority of these taxes falling on the poorest members of society. The plight of the masses slowly ate away at the foundation of the Roman economy, especially following the final division of the empire in 395. The Roman economy in the West simply lost the ability to function in the face of overwhelming exterior and interior pressures”. This shows that to the author of this article, the economy played one of the bigger roles in the collapse of the Roman Empire. It also shows that the failing of the military, and the economic downfall were linked, the military gradually declined, and thus so did the economy of
In Italy the social structure of the rural village was founded on the family, whose interests a...
Traditionally, the goods were produced by families: women took care of the family while men were the main labor forces; and tasks of less importance were given to children according to their age. In this familiar productive unit, the leisure time was mixed with the working time. Moreover, the production pace is flexible. Peasants worked for aristocracy’ and had to pay taxes. Their sustenance depended on the harvest which varied with the season and weather. Artisans were more independents as they relied on their own skill and were supported by the guild. In addition, luxury products allowed a higher income.
The emergence of market society is what Polanyi refers to as “the great transformation” (Polanyi, 1957). This great transformation is significant when discussing market society, as it is a transformation of all society. It brought forth change in the organization of the market system, and therefore society due to its efficiency in production, distribution and commodification of labour, land and money. Many changes took place with the emergence of market society, especially in relation to labour, or the work of people.
The main objective of this essay is to understand how market society emerged, but first the defintion and characteristics of a market society must be understood. According to Polanyi, “Market economy implies a self-regulating system of markets.... it is an economy directed by market prices and nothing but market prices”(Polanyi 43). Similarily, Heilbroner explains how the market “allows society to ensure its own provisioning”(Heilbroner 12). Both of these explanations describe how the market economy is self regulated, meaning that this “economic system is controlled, regulated and directed by markets alone...
The gradual urbanization of Europe after 1000 led to major economic and social shifts. Towns grew as the population steadily climbed, and common folk left the country side to seek out new opportunities in these growing urban centres. These cities became centres of wealth which favoured commerce and manufacturing over agricultural work. As an increasing number of people from highly diverse backgrounds took up work and residence, cities reflected the human tendency to form groups for mutual support and protection . The most urbanized regions lay in the Low Countries and Northern Italy , and it is in these regions that the medieval commune first truly flourishes. Around the eleventh century there arose a growing movement in these urban centres for self-government. Theoretically the King’s government relied on the advice from the community, with those deemed the most worthy citizens of the community entrusted to represent them a...
Despite a recognition of lifestyle variation among Mediterranean peoples, Pitt-Rivers greatly emphasizes the negative effect of integrated states; similarly, he emphasizes the importance of collective rights over those of the individual. Such negativity is a direct correlation of his focus on economics. Pitt-River’s analysis is primarily based on the economic instability of two opposing regions of Spain: the Anadalusian plains and the Pyrennean foothills. Although his argument is similar to Persitiany in that it incorporates the importance of inheritance and the difficulties associated with an absence of social mobility in an impoverished community, Pitt-Rivers fails to discuss in detail the social hierarchy of either village. This oversight weakens his argument as it does not factor in the significance of interpersonal relationships; his uneconomical conclusion that “stability of a society depends upon maintaining the continuity of … family heritage” (24) therefore seems to lack depth. The introduction’s paucity of social analysis is the main way it contrasts with his later essay, which places a greater significance on interpersonal relations. While this omission may be due to the concise nature of introductions, it renders his approach lackluster; that of Persitianty, who is addresses both the economic and sociocultural factors throughout his ethnography, is therefore more