In this essay we explore Forester and Morrison question into whether an ‘expert administrator’ should be designed in a way so that it is programmed to mislead or even to lie to human beings in cases where it might generally, but unofficial seem ‘appropriate’ for human administrators to do so. It would be unwise of me to tell tale of how humans are truthful, and one does not tell a lie to get ahead, to achieve a goal or to become successful, because at the end it would only be a tale. It’s like me telling my little sister that in order to get a gift for Christmas she has to behave so that Santa Claus can bring her a gift. Or giving kids hope in the tooth ferry, we tell this tale to our kids for various reasons. We continue tell these tales to younger kids to deceive them too behave. There is many tales we grow up believing and once we become older we reakize it was only a myth. Its apart of life. Human’s have been doing this for decades, we continue to tell these tales throughout life to achieve any goal we set for our self’s.
We can assume everyone tell a little white lie no matter who it is to get what they want. Let’s look at Barrack Obama when he was running for presidency in 2008. He gives us a lot of hope and promised us change. Hope and change is what America desperately needed at that time. We were going through a tough recession and everyone was losing their jobs and homes. So when Obama ran for office, we all assumed change was upon us. Once bush left the office we assumed everything was going to be wondrous. We are in 2014 and there is still high number of unemployment rate, and everything did not turn into the fairytale story everyone hoped it would be. Barrack did everything in his power to get America back on track, a...
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...ical and social issue having to do with “de-skilling” and “worker alienation”. De-skilling is simply defined as to cause a skill person to work at a job that does not utilize their skill. The idea of utilitarian is big in this case because expert system application can help many people but it could hurt some also. However the theory state doing the most good for the greatest number which clearly is the reason for the development of the application.
In conclusion we can assume expert system (ES) technology is here to stay. It is the now and the future of our world. When programmer design theses application they have to keep in mind our ethic and design the program for the sole purpose of the advantage of human begin to help us to complete a task. As programmers we have to evaluate all the values and put forth an application that is almost a representation of us.
Michael Moore's introduction to Stupid White Men may not be completely factual, but he certainly has a point. Twenty first century America is going downhill and people are just sitting around watching it fall. Bush did not receive the majority vote in the 2000 election, but he did not cause all that is wrong in America. He contributed to some factors that caused America to decline, while other factors were beyond his control. America will have its ups and downs, and some presidents just contribute to the downs.
The epistemic threat of human rationality emphasizes the existence of the shoddy software hypothesis, yet the optimistic look on humanity about situational rationality exists to counter it. However, I will argue that despite the optimistic view humans are not rational due to the conditions that are deemed necessary for human rationality.]
A case referring to the beneficial use of the expert systems in the health sector was the attempt of the LDS Hospital in Salt Lake city,Utah to build “ the most complex artificial intelligence system ever created'; according to the words of DR David Classen.Its name was AIC or “Antibiotic Computer Consultant'; and it was part of HELP(Health Evaluation through Logical Processing), which was LDS’s hospital information system. The latter was existed, before the implementation of the Expert System.
Standup for Kids is a registered 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 1990 by Richard L. Koca who was inspired to begin outreach in 1987 when he saw a CBS broadcast of 48 hours documenting street kids in San Diego, California (StandUp For, 2014). He immediately began walking the streets of San Diego to identify homeless teens that he helped into shelters. His desire and passion to make a change in the lives of homeless youths led to the creation of the organization called StandUp for Kids.
From the works of Karel Čapek and Isaac Asimov to the modern day films ‘Ex- Machina’ and ‘I, Robot,’ the trustworthiness of artificial intelligence (AI) has always been a wavering question. Some could say that the fears are nonsense, but they are mostly based on the philosophy that the more knowledgeable a species, the more controlling and violent the species becomes. The philosophy itself is somewhat true - look at the human race; we destroy the habitats of other creatures for our own personal or financial gain. But as for the proposal that a machine could take power over our world, a machine would have to be able to think. But the question of machine based thought has been a question since the beginning of computer science. Not many are proposing
Smallpox is a disease as old as time. In fact, experts are unsure of its possible origin because it is so far buried in antiquity. It is believed to have first appeared in Northeastern Africa around 10,000 BC (Shannon 2014). According to the Centers for Disease Control “The pox part of smallpox is derived from the Latin word for ‘spotted’ and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person” (“Smallpox Disease Overview” 2007). The transmission of this disease is rather simple. It is spread from person-to-person by inhalation, through direct contact with infected body fluids, from contaminated fomites, and even scab suspensions from an infected person in the air. The disease in humans has an incubation period of about 7-17 days. Symptoms include high fever, chills, head and body aches, vomiting, and small red spots in the infected person’s mouth and on their tongue. The most severe symptom, however, is the skin rash that spreads on those infected. It begins on the face, and migrates to the appendages of the body, especially the feet and hands. This type of spreading is known as centrifugal distribution (Shannon 2014).
The pre-Socratic views of human nature are certainly different from the biblical views of human nature. For one, the biblical views of human nature revolve around religion, whereas the pre-Socratic views are based on “rational unity of the time” and nature. The pre-Socratics were the first philosophers and most of them were materialists, also known as Hylicists. The pre-Socratics seemingly fused Greek mythology, “rationality” and nature and mostly ignored the possibility of there being an outside power or force, with Xenophanes being an exception. On the contrary, the bible focuses on God's existence and especially His impact on the nature of human beings. As specified by the Bible, humans are created from the earth's dust, but they have the breath of life which God infuses into them. Additionally, in the Bible, humans are said to be made with a great amount of dignity, as well as responsibility and authority over everything else. According to the Bible, there is no such thing as a separate soul, which is in opposition to the pre-Socratic notion, held mostly by Pythagoras, that the body and soul are independent of each other. Overall, the Bible seems to place faith over reason, while the pre-Socratics place rationale above faith. The pre-Socratic views can be regarded as natural philosophy, whereas the Bible's are religious philosophy. There is undoubtedly an invariable dichotomy between pre-Socratic convictions and biblical stances on human nature.
This paper is briefing of book called “Race against the Machine” written by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee. This paper focuses on the impact of technology on the current employment issues. Three explanations of current economic issues that is cyclical, stagnantion and “end of work” is provided (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011). Then the idea of excessive progress in technology making man jobless is presented and to support it various arguments are put forward. Secondly the idea of technology development causing division of labor into high skilled, low skilled, capital, labor, superstars and ordinary labors is presented and explained in detail. Finally remedies for solving these issues are presented and explained. Major takeaways of this paper are mismatch between the productivity and job creation, interlink between Technology improvement and division of labor and importance of education in building stable skilled labors and in the developing a stable society. (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2011)
The change made in computer engineering products has affected the way many people live in modern society. In today’s society, a computer engineer’s job description is to solve progra...
There are expert systems that can solve complex problems that humans train their whole lives for. In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue defeated the world champion in a game of chess (Karlgaard, p43). Expert systems design buildings, configure airplanes, and diagnose breathing problems. NASA's Deep Space One probe left with software that lets the probe diagnose problems and fix itself (Lyons).
The study of intelligence agents has emerged as a more effective, practical alternative to artificial intelligence, or AI research. Alan Kay of Apple Computers and Nicholas Negroponte of MIT first wrote the concept of intelligence agents about in the 1970’s. Although no autonomous agents had been programmed, they envisioned them as an alternative to the development of AI. Throughout the 1950’s most engineers and scientists expected that AI research would bring about artificial personal assistants, who possessed an artificial brain that literally mimicked the nature of real human intelligence. Realizing that this may be too ambitious a goal, agent developers hoped to program more simple software that could, for example, manage schedules, purchase items, organize documents and screen phone calls without needing to emulate human brain waves. This goal for intelligence agents was outlined in a 1987 video presentation, “Knowledge Navigator” put together by Apple (Economist, 76-77).
Certain careers have garnered reputations for dishonesty. These include lawyers, used car salesmen, and politicians. Although their claims and promises can be proven untrue later, it is generally advantageous in the moment for them to lie or stretch facts. This temptation historically has reached some people in all of these professions, creating the reputation. A trend in politics now is not to mitigate this reputation but instead follow it. Presidential candidates have continued stretching and ignoring the truth in their rhetoric, and have now started to double down on it in an attempt to increase their credibility. Most observers would call this absurd. Some, but not all philosophers, agree with the common observer 's assessment.
It is therefore prudent that organizations identify ways to improve their knowledge management. Identification of what knowledge management strategy is ideal, how to foster sharing and dissemination of knowledge among people, embracing good organizational values, providing incentives are some of the suggestions that can improve knowledge management .Artificial intelligence in the current era has seen productivity of people rise and it is considered that the same trend may continue to the future. This phenomenon will also see individuals working as part time employees as artificial intelligence technology performs multiple tasks faster with a higher output. Artificial intelligence as explored in computerization has seen many organizations in different sectors and fields maximize their benefits. Although some are skeptical on the effect AI has on labor workforce but according to Frey, some tasks such as social intelligence in managing tasks that involve persuasion negotiation is still a human function and computerization of such tasks may take a while. In the future organizations should embrace more the knowledge harvesting process to capture knowledge that may otherwise be lost when employees with such knowledge retire or move to other firms. Organization will also focus on how well to capture tacit knowledge and incorporate it into their knowledge database. The changes in the business environment will also see organizations focusing on intangible resources as one of their competitive
Kevin Bowyer, author of Ethics In Computing, advances a question as the only ethical dilemma unique to the field of computing. (Bowyer 3) He asks: "how much decision-making should be entrusted to a machine?" In this paper I'd like to explore some of the issues around this topic, which I will generalize into the question "is human judgment essential to a decision-making process?" After discussing the impacts the answer to this question could have on human institutions, I will ultimately conclude that human judgment is a critical ingredient to decision-making, but not necessarily at a fixed point in the process.
Nowadays. Information technology (IT) is a familiar term for the people and the expert. This technology is developing rapidly and introducing in all social fields as well as influencing on all sciences and being affected by the other sciences. All processes and steps of remedial –healthy cares have been depended heavily on management information and its transfer. Information technology is also used increasingly for new medical practices, effective and active management of health cares and medical profession knowledge. In medical profession is necessarily required the informed scientists and intelligent expert having enough knowledge of related matters, comprehensive knowledge of medical devices and its technology as well as information and communication technologies. Medical informatics (data processing ) science which is developing and growing rapidly includes decision making based on the information, therapy display, systematic management, information saving and its retaining, management system, model identifying and image and signal processing. Expert system is a subdivision of artificial intelligence and an expert system is the one having expertise within a special field and may be applied to that field for decision making and/or helping the expert people for decision making [1]. Expert system is a component of the process for intelligently automation of the processes regarded as artificial intelligence. Once John MC charty created Lisp language in masachoset institute of technology in 1960, it was as the initial step toward an expert system . from that date onward, a variety of expert systems have been developed and applied like CMS, XI-PLUS, ROSIE, OPS5, EMYCIN, EXPERT and so on. An expert system is comprised o...