Marissa's Case
1.All bones are dense and they support the body while also giving the body structure. The two types of bones is spongy and compact. Spongy bones are not as dense as compact bones and are more flexible. Compact bones are a lot more dense and very tough.
Osteocytes are in the lacuna, osteocytes are there to help in bone deposition and resorption. When a bone becomes stressed or becomes damaged the osteocytes send messages to the other osteocytes to repair the bone. If the bones don't get repaired then over time the bones will become weak instead of becoming strong.
Osteoblasts is there to synthesize and mineralize. Osteoblast will become present when bones are remodeling
Basic multicellular unit is part of the bone remodeling process. The BMU travel around the skeletal system and find stressed or messed up bones. The BMU will dissolve in the area of the bone that is stressed or damaged and will fill that area with new bone.
2. Calcium is very important for the body. Calcium helps make the bones strong and dense, without calcium the bones will become weak. The body does not make calcium so the bones have to take the calcium from where it is stored in the body.
3.The calcium levels in the bones are controlled by a negative feedback mechanism. When the calcium in the bones are low the parathyroid hormone also known as PTH will release more of the hormone into the blood, this then stimulate the osteocytes which then causes the bone to breakdown. Then calcium will start to release into the blood stream. When there is to much calcium in the blood stream calcitonin is released . The calcitonin will stop the osteocytes from breaking down the bone. This keeps calcium from being released into the blood stream.
4.Osteoporosi...
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...ced. Because of this, osteoclasts increase in absorbing bone, and limit the amount of calcium absorbed needed for osteoblasts to build bone. So then calcium can no longer be absorbed in the bone and help with the bone remodeling.
5.HRT is hormone replacement therapy. It is used to give women estrogen and progestin to relieve the symptoms of menopause, to prevent osteoporosis, and to help reduce the risk of heart disease.
6. Pro's of HRT: Reduce the risk of osteoporosis, reduce the risk of heart disease, help relieve heat flashes, and may help improve mood.
Con's of HRT: Increases risk of cancer in the uterus, increase risk of breast cancer, may have unpleasant side effects, etc.
7.Bisphosphonates, calcitonin, denosumab, and Teriparatide. When people start taking these medicines they stop loosing bone as fast as before. This also lowers the risk of breaking bones.
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
An osteoblast is a “baby” bone cell whose main job is to secrete osteoid which forms the hardened, or calcified, bone matrix. Osteocytes are formed from osteoblasts. Osteocytes are the mature bones cells that have been completely differentiated. They are found in the lacunae of hard bone and have a spider-like appearance due to their canaliculi. Osteoclasts are a different type of cell formed from the mesenchymal cells. These cells are not related to osteoblasts or osteocytes. Their job is to basically “eat” the bone to create cavities and other hallow spaces during bone remodeling. Finally, the cells form differentiate to form fibroblasts and fibrocytes. These fibroblasts and fibrocytes secrete and form the matrix for fibrous connective tissue which is an essential component of the
The correct answer is bone fractures because HRT slows bone turnover and increase bone mineral density which are good for reducing bone fracture.
The system of the body that consists of bones, connective tissues, and cartilage is known as the skeletal system. Some major functions of this system are as follows:
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
There has been conflicting research and advice about the safety of hormones with the increase in the aging female population within the last twenty years (National Institute on Aging). Hormone therapy has demonstrated to be the most effective FDA approved medication in the relief of menopausal symptoms, but these benefits must be weighed against serious adverse effects that hormones can cause. Although many women differ in their response to hormone products, MHT has been universally linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, blood clots, and strokes. Concerns about the findings discovered in the clinical and observation trials performed on MHT, have left some doctors and women hesitant in utilizing MHT to combat menopausal symptoms.
Osteoporosis is a condition, in which bones are weak from deterioration, loss of bone mass, and quality-bone strength. Osteoporosis usually triggers postmenopausal women (women who have not had their period for a whole year), or older men and women. Some risks both older men and women endure when experiencing Osteoporosis are decrease of calcium and bone fractures. These symptoms or effects can all be caused by weight loss, smoking, age, ethnicity, genetics, medications, bone structure, and certain diseases that can later on contribute to Osteoporosis, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporosis may be prevented by going to drug therapy to stop alcoholism and smoking, a sufficient amount of calcium intake, and exercising; such as jogging, walking,
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Osteoporosis, which means “porous bone, ” is a disease of weak and brittle bones.(nof 1) Osteoporosis makes bone mineral density loss. In a result, the possibility of fracture is increased because the bone is fragile. The size or volume of the bone is same, however, the mass of bone runs low on. This condition is the sympt...
Osteoporosis is one of the main types of bone diseases that is more commonly developed in the adult years of men and women, but can also affect younger aged people too. This disease contributes to “…decrease bone mass, increased skeletal fragility, and an increased risk of fractures…” (Caple & Schub. 2014). Bones are constantly being replaced by new bone hence it is living tissue. Osteoporosis eventually occurs when new bone has failed to be developed. In Canada, “1.5 million Canadians 40 years of age or older (10%) reported having been diagnosed with osteoporosis, of which, women were 4 times more likely to report having osteoporosis than men” (“What is the impact,” 2010). Women are at greater risk then men because the hormone changes in women can affect the bone density. Estrogen is essential for bone density but after menopause the levels fall resulting in bone loss. On the other hand, the cause for men is still unknown. However, testosterone: the male hormone helps to keep bones healthy. Even though men still produce the male hormone at an old age, there is still a risk of osteoporosis because the levels have dropped. Occasionally bone loss occurs without any cause, and later realizing that it is a silent theif when you ultimately develop symptoms (“Osteoporosis – Review,” 2014). In most instances osteoporosis is preventable, even though it is not reversible and harmful disease.
The most popular form of birth control is the pill. The reason for this is that it is said to be very effective against pregnancy if used correctly, it makes menstrual periods more regular and lighter, they decrease menstrual cramps and acne, makes you less likely to get ovarian and uterine cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and anemia, and last but not least, it doesn’t interrupt love making. Those are the good things about the pill. There are also a list of negative things: the pill doesn’t protect against S...
Other metabolic bone diseases are osteoporosis, gout, OSTEOARTHRITIS, and PAGET'S DISEASE. Nutritional Disorders Nutritional deficiencies that result in bone damage include RICKETS in children and osteomalacia in adults, caused by a lack of vitamin D. In children, calcium and phosphate are poorly distributed on bones during development, resulting especially in deformity of the legs and arms. In adults, bones of the spine, pelvis, and legs become demineralized and the bones weaken.
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
Although your teeth are also considered part of your skeletal system, they are not counted as bones. Your teeth consist of enamel and dentin. Enamel is the strongest substance in your body. The main priority of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body. Without bones our body would be in a pile of guts and mush on the floor. Your skeleton furthermore assists to protect your internal organs and fragile body tissues. The brain, eyes, heart, lungs and spinal cord are all sheltered by your
Support is a very important fuction as without the skeleton the body would have no means of staying upright as almost all of the body tissues are soft this helps gives the body structure. The Skeleton plays an important role in the protection of the organs for example the skull protects the brain and the ribcage protect the lungs.The skeleton assists in the movement of the body as the ligaments in the body attach bone to bone and the tendons attach muscle to bone. To create movement the muscular system and the skeletal system work together creating the musculoskeletal. The skeleton can begin to move once the muscles contract. The fifth function of the skeleton is the formation of joints, these are essential to create movement within the body. Muscle attachment allows the bones to move. This is done by the muscles attaching to the bones by tendons. Minerals such as calcium salts and phosphorus are stored in the bones. The final function of the skeletal system is the formation of blood cells; most of the blood cells for the body are produced by red bone