Livelihood strategies
Most common ways to make a living
In 1975 most households in Dokur village had only one source of income. Nowadays the Scheduled Caste have mostly two different sources of income and the Forward and Backward Caste have two to four different sources of income. In 1975 most jobs were in agriculture, as is seen in table 6, while nowadays farm and non-farm wage labour, caste occupations, migration, running rice and flour mills, plying autos, business and self-employment are sources of income too. Especially non-farm labour, business, salaried jobs, caste occupations and out-migration increased significantly over the last few years. The sources of income are much more diversified because for example the knowledge, education level and skills of the households in Dokur village increased. In farming a shift towards more profitable crops and new technologies led to a better income.
Agriculture
When Comparing 1975-1978 with 2001-2006 and 2007-2008 drastic changes can be seen. In 1975 agriculture was the main source of income with 94.4% gained through agricultural activities. While 77% of the households depended on agriculture or on agriculture related activities. In 2007 only 30.0% of the income was from agriculture while the number of households depending on agriculture or agricultural activities declined to 43%. There are several causes for this decline. The main reason is drought, leading to a lack of water. The large tank in the village, which used to be filled with water for the cultivation of two paddy crops a year, is empty and the area under the tank is not used. Also the groundwater level declined and open dug wells dried up. As a reaction to this, farmers invest in water exploration by digging bore wells,...
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...o-urban migration is growing fast, because there are more opportunities for work in the urban areas, like urban construction, manufacturing and a job in the service sector. It is most likely that migration will continue due to better wages in the cities, improvement of communication, infrastructure and transport. However, migration is also very expensive and risky. For poor migrant workers, travelling towards a city, finding a place to live, negotiating about the job and the earnings, getting access to government services and sending money home, is very difficult.
To prevent the people from migrating, the government supervises and sponsors different projects and programs which provide alternative livelihood strategies in the village. However, the programs seem ineffective so far. Many families are still leaving the village, while only a few remain living in Dokur.
At the same time, the local agricultural economy was experiencing a deep economic depression due to the severe droughs that had occured throughout the past decade. The loss of crops cut out the average farmers'/planters' main food source as well a...
Mankind often migrates to modern, rich, multicultural countries, towns with high economies and good standard of living such as Prague, Germany, London, Los Angeles, New York and Shanghai. I would like to draw on the city of Shanghai. Shanghai is one of the most developed cities in the world due to this many people come to the town to find work. During 1983 and 2000 years the number of migrant workers increased from 0.5 million people to 3.87 million people. A large percentage of migrant workers work in manufacturing (25.8%).
However, there is usually not enough land or housing for the city's growing population. There is also not enough jobs in the city to keep everyone employed. Poverty increases and jobs give lower and lower pay. The poor live in slums
Introduction: Mexico City is the capital of Mexico as well as the largest city in the country. This is the city of Spanish-speaking people and lots of immigrants. Immigrants have some push and pull factors to live here, especially in the quality of life, financial state and climate convenience. This essay evaluates the positive and negative impacts of migration in Mexico City. Migration have some influence to economy and culture, this essay will research them step- by-step.
While there were great variations in income between different villages, and between different jobs in the urban sector, the overall averages showed a clear pattern: the cities were much richer than the countryside. Most capital investments were going into urban industries. The urban workers, using considerable amount of heavy machinery, had a much higher average level of productivity compared to the rural workers. The natural consequence was, for the city people, an average income level twice as high as that of the people in the countryside. The most obvious way to attack this poverty problem was to increase production, in all sectors of the economy. Though the easiest way to increase ...
Agriculture plays an enormous part in having a functioning society. The farming fields in the
Our nation was founded on agriculture, and for hundreds of years we were able to migrate across the nation bringing our farming tools and techniques with us. Technology has driven populations away from rural areas towards industrialized cities. With money now being pumped into cities, rural farmers are suffering the most. Farmers are taking out large loans in order to sustain their farms, leading to debt and in some cases suicide. Patel spoke about a farmer in India whose husband took his life because he was unable to live with the amount of debt from his struggling farm. This man left his wife and chi...
This is necessary as the vast majority of individuals migrating from rural to urban centers has been steadily increasing with the level of economic growth seen within the past twenty years as mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, this situation has further shown the structural issues and inequalities of cities, as most migrants end up having a poor quality of life living in informal settlements as highlight substantially by Boo. As a means of tackling this, however, the Indian government has turned its focus on investing rural regions, developing the agricultural sector. Specifically, Boo mentions that “the prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had come down from Delhi to express his concern for the farmers’ hardships, and the central government’s determination to relieve it” (p. 138). While this is definitely important funds are not being divided justly. For starters, between rural and urban areas almost all investments are being targeting towards rural regions, which is only addressing issues of inequality in one section of the country. Furthermore, across rural areas inequalities of investment are quite often overlooked. Although, “one of the governments hopes was to stop villagers from abandoning their farms and further inundating cities like Mumbai, but Asha’s relatives knew nothing of these celebrated relief programs” (p. 138). Therefore, even though
In 1950, only 13% of China’s population lived in cities (Seto, n.d.). Post 30 years, one hundred-million people moved to large cities from rural areas in China. This migration was considered the largest migration in human history. To compare this migration to western cities, the example of Shenzhen is used. For a Western city to have a population of three million to increase to ten million, it takes about a hundred years. 30-year old city, Shenzhen on the other hand made this population increase in just a decade (qtd. Caughey and Dawn). Today, over 53.7% of its population lives in cities; by 2020 it is projected that a whole 60% of the population will live in cities (Xinhuanet, 2014).
This essay seeks to investigate the negative and positive effects of migration in London. As the London Migration Observatory claim London has the largest number of migrants among all regions of the United Kingdom (UK). About 37% of the UK’s foreign-born population was in London (LMO, Dr.Rienzo and Dr.Vargas-Silva). Furthermore, According to the Benton-Smith statistic, London is the 5th International city in the world after New York, Toronto, Dubai and Los Angeles.That is why author choose this city. This research will analyze the impacts of migration to the London in the different aspects, such as social and economy.
Living standards before the drought were poor. Since 1984 at least sixty major food crisis occurred in E...
Before the industrial revolution, villagers practiced communal farming, in which residents worked together to farm on a large lot of land. Part of the land was divided up into three different crop fields. One for wheat or rye, one for oats or beans, and one for fallow. The fourth section of land was left to give livestock a place to graze, plant wild plants, and store firewood for the winter. The Enclosure Movement helped propel the shift from agriculture to industry. With this movement, agriculture was used for commercial practices and not so much as a way to feed single families. Before the start the Enclosure Movement, villages practiced communal farming in which the land and what was grown and raised on it was shared between the residents. However, this way of farming changed as effects of the Enclosure Movement made their way into the villages. Communal farms were divided up into single-family farms, with each family receiving and equal share of land. The owners of the land were rich families. These owners lease the land to farmers. During the enclosure movement, the land owners wrote new leases to individual families. These leases usually lasted 19 years and every family that lived in the village had the right to get a lease. People who got very small farms could not survive on their own without the right to use the common land, of which there was little to no land because it had been divided up. Therefo...
...earch and extension, rural infrastructure, and market access for small farmers. Rural investments have been sorely neglected in recent decades, and now is the time to reverse this trend. Farmers in many developing countries are operating in an environment of inadequate infrastructure like roads, electricity, and communications; poor soils; lack of storage and processing capacity; and little or no access to agricultural technologies that could increase their profits and improve their livelihoods. Recent unrest over food prices in a number of countries may tempt policymakers to put the interests of urban consumers over those of rural people, including farmers, but this approach would be shortsighted and counterproductive. Given the scale of investment needed, aid donors should also expand development assistance to agriculture, rural services, and science and technology.
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
Agriculture holds a significant role in underdeveloped countries. It is often the backbone of their economic and social well-being. It acts as the main source of employment and income, 70% of a country's population rely on framing as a mean of living (CITE HERE). Because most underdeveloped countries have low rates of educational attainment, farming is a popular source of employment. It requires little to no education. As a result agriculture employs many people contributing to nations economic development. Residents can also sell what they grow, providing them with a source of income, thus not only raising the national income level but the standard of living as well. Agriculture is not only a ...